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Pharmacology > Ch. 9 Hormone, Repro, Endocrine Drugs > Flashcards

Ch. 9 Hormone, Repro, Endocrine Drugs Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

Feedback loops may be _ or _

A

negative or positive

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2
Q

Negative feedback loops are more common and work in response to:

A

low or high levels of hormone in the body

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3
Q

Positive feedback loops occur when hormone levels continue to _ in response to stimuli

A

rise

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4
Q

Two types of _ _ are involved in regulating the endocrine system

A

feedback loops

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5
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, GH

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6
Q

Posterior pituitary hormones

A

ADH and Oxytocin

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7
Q

TSH is used in the dx of primary _

A

hypothyroidism

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8
Q

ACTH is used to stimulate the _ _ to secrete corticosteroids in the dx of adrenal cortex disease

A

adrenal cortex

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9
Q

_ is used to increase growth rate and feed use efficiency in livestock and increase milk production in dairy cows

A

GH (growth hormone)

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10
Q

_ is used to tx diabetes insipidus (disease characterized by the inability to concentrate urine due to insufficient amounts of _)

A

ADH

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11
Q

_ is used to aid in uterine contraction and induce labor in animals at term, expel the placenta, induce milk letdown, and as an adjunct therapy for animals with open pyometra

A

Oxytocin

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12
Q

Pancreas secretes what 2 hormones?

A

Insulin, glucagon

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13
Q

Insulin responds to a rise in _ _ and promotes the uptake and use of glucose for energy in cells (decrease BG)

A

blood glucose

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14
Q

Glucagon increases blood glucose levels by promoting:

A

breakdown of glycogen into glucose (increase BG)

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15
Q

Diabetes mellitus is a disease of

A

fat, carbohydrate, and protein metabolism caused by lack of insulin

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16
Q

What are clinical signs of diabetes mellitus

A

PU,PD,PP, weight loss

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17
Q

What is the hallmark of diabetes mellitus, +/- ketone

A

persistent fasting hyperglycemia

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18
Q

How is insulin used to tx diabetes mellitus

A

by keeping BG in proper range

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19
Q

Insulin is not absorbed _ so must be given _

A

PO; parenterally

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20
Q

Sources of insulin:

A

pork/beef pancreas, synthetic and recombinant forms

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21
Q

Pork similar to insulin structure in _

A

cats

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22
Q

Beef similar to insulin structure in /

A

humans and dogs

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23
Q

Onset and duration of insulin action are controlled by

A

modifying the regular insulin structure

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24
Q

The only two animal-labeled insulin products available in the us

A

ProZinc and Vetsulin

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25
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)
condition that occurs when diabetic animals are uncontrolled for long periods of time and their body begins to breakdown its own tissues
26
Short-acting insulin is used for initial tx of _ _ and keep blood glucose stable (ex: Humulin-R, Novolin R)
diabetic ketoacidosis
27
insulin administration must be paired with what?
food
28
Intermediate-acting insulin (ex:Humulin N, Novolin-N, Vetsulin) is used to control blood glucose in
uncomplicated cases of diabetes mellitus
29
Long-acting insulin is used to control blood glucose for longer periods of time, especially in cats. What are some examples of this type of insulin?
Glargine, Detimir, ProZinc
30
Insulin is measured in _____ (available in U-40 and U-100 and U-500)
units of insulin per mL (40units/ml, 100U/ml, 500U/ml)
31
Animal approved insulin products are U-_
40 (vetsulin and prozinc)
32
U-40 syringes are _ top and each mark is 1 unit
red
33
U-100 are _ top and may be marked in 1 or 2 unit increments
orange
34
1ml syringe = _ units
100
35
0.5ml syringe= _units
50
36
0.3ml syringe= _ units
30
37
1 unit = _ml
0.01
38
U-100 insulin is _ times stronger than U-40 insulin
2.5
39
oral hypoglycemic agents have been more successful in cats w/ Type _ DM
2
40
Oral hypoglycemic agents work by stimulating pancreatic beta cells to secrete insulin; therefore some _ _ is needed
pancreatic function
41
An example of an oral hypoglycemic agent is
glipizide
42
What drugs may be used in patients dx with insulinoma (dogs or ferrets)
hyperglycemic agents (corticosteroids and diazoxide (proglycem) )
43
Functions of thyroid gland
metabolism, regulation of body temp and HR, resistance to infections, skin health
44
Abnormalities in thyroid gland
hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism , Goiter (less common) and due to dietary iodine deficiency
45
Signs of hypothyroidism
decreased coat and hair luster, weight gain, listlessness, intolerance to cold, and reproductive failure
46
Hypothyroidism is diagnosed by measuring serum total _ and _ or by a thyroid stimulation test or by the thyrotropin-releasing hormone response test
T4 and T3 (low T3/T4, high TSH)
47
Hypothyroid animals are treated with thyroid replacement therapy. What is an example?
Levothyroxine (T4) (Therapeutic drug monitoring needed, typically 4-6 hours post pill)
48
Signs of hyperthyroidism
increased thirst, weight loss, increased stool production, restlessness and tachycardia, palpable thyroid
49
Hyperthyroid animals are treated with
antithyroid drugs or surgical removal
50
Antithyroid drug examples
-Radioactive isotopes of iodine (I-131) destroy the thyroid gland -Rx food (y/d) -Methimazole interferes with the incorporation of iodine in the molecules of T4 and T3
51
Iodide is trapped from the blood, oxidized to iodine and used to secrete
T3 and T4
52
Hormones produced by the adrenal cortex include:
mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (cortisol)
53
Glucocorticoids regulate _ _ in the blood (increase blood glucose level) -VIP in flight or fight response (stress hormone)
nutrient levels
54
Mineralcorticoids:
sodium, potassium, water balance, BP regulation
55
Adrenocortical insufficiency (Addison's disease) is a progressive condition associated with
adrenal atrophy
56
Signs of Addison's disease
lethargy, weakness, low BP, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, low Na+, elevated K+, low BG, azotemia
57
Addison's disease is dx by
ACTH stimulation test
58
Tx of Addison's disease tx involves long-acting mineralocorticoid and corticosteroids such as:
-Corticosteriods-Dexamethasone -Fludrocortisone (Florinef): both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid activity -Desoxycorticosterone (DOCP) (Percorten-V): mineralocorticoid
59
Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing's disease) is characterized by excessive glucocorticoid production due to:
prolonged admin. of adrenocortical hormones, adrenocortical tumors, or pituitary disorders
60
Signs of Cushing's disease
PU/PD/PP, hair loss, pendulous abdomen
61
Dx of Cushing's disease
ACTH stimulation test or low-dose dexamethasone suppression test
62
Tx of Cushing's disease involves destroying part of the _ _. Ex: Trilostane (vetoryl)
adrenal cortex
63
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is called the _ _ and secretes _ . Prepares uterus for pregnancy
Corpus luteum; progesterone
64
LH causes
maturation of the follicle and ovulation
65
Gonadotropins are hormones that stimulate the _
gonads
66
Gonadotropin drugs cause the release of _ and _ or stimulate their activity
LH and FSH
67
Gonadotropins used in vet med include:
LH, FSH, GnRH
68
Gonadotropin used to tx cystic ovaries in cattle, to detect cryptorchidism in dogs, to get infertile bitches to cycle, and to make breeding mares ovulate
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
69
gonadotropin used to produce estrus and ovulation in horses and as a follicle stimulant in many species
Pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG)
70
gonadotropin used to tx follicular cysts in cattle, for estrus synchronization in cattle and to induce estrus in small animals
Gonadorelin (GnRH)
71
Adrogens are _ hormones
male
72
Testosterone is made in the _ _ of the testes and is used to tx conditions such as infertility and hypogonadism, and for testosterone-responsive urinary incontinence
interstitial cells
73
What controlled class is testosterone
Class III
74
Examples of progesterone drugs
-MeGEStrol acetate -MedroxyproGESterone acetate -AltrenoGESt -ProGESterone -MelenGEStrol
75
What progestin is described? -Control estrus, false pregnancy, dermatologic conditions in cats -Ovaban, Megace -SE: endometrial hyperplasia, adrenal depression
Megestrol Acetate
76
Which progestin is described? -Suppress estrus in dogs and cats; dermatologic and behavioral modification -Numerous side effects: pyometra, mammary changes -Depo-provera
Medroxyprogesterone Acetate
77
What drug is described -suppress estrus in mares for synchronization, supplement progesterone for maintain of pregnancy -Regu-Mate -can be absorbed through skin
Altrenogest
78
What drug is described -synchronization of estrus in cattle, used in combo w/ an estrogen -Tx consists of an implant + injection -Synchro-Mate-B
Norgestomet
79
-Estradiol cypionate -Diethylstilbestrol -Estriol (Icurin) urinary incontinence in spayed dogs Are all examples of _ drugs
estrogen
80
In small animals, _ are used to treat pyometra, cause abortion, and induce parturition
prostaglandins
81
In cattle, prostaglandins are used for
estrus synchronization and inducing uterine contractions to facilitate emptying of the uterus (pus or fetus)
82
What are prostaglandins used for in horses
estrus synchronization
83
Examples of prostaglandins
-DinoPROST tromethamine (Lutalyse) -FluPROSTenol -CloPROSTenol sodium
84
All growth promotants for use in cattle and sheep are prepared as compressed pellets that are implanted in to where
the SQ tissue of the ear
85
Sex steroids/ synthetic steroid analalogues/ Nonsteriodal analogues
-Estradiol -Testosterone (in combo w/ estradiol to slow release rate of estradiol) -Progesterone (used in combo w/ estradiol -Trenbolone (synthetic) -Zeranol (plant estrogen)
86
Promote weight gain in ruminants by administering _ _ hormones
sex steroid
87
Growth Hormone-Bovine Somatotropin, BGH is shown to increase
growth rate, feed efficiency, milk production by 20%
88
Anabolic steroids have _ _ effect
tissue building
89
Anabolic steroids are synthetic designed to prevent _ effects (unlike natural testosterone)
masculinizing
90
Anabolic steroids are class _ controlled substance
III
91
Example of anabolic steroid
stanozolol (Winstrol V)

Pharmacology (17 decks)

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