Intro

Question 1

Pharmacokinetics is the study of _ _ which includes

Answer 1

drug motion; absorption, blood levels, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs

Question 2

Pharmacodynamics involves understanding the interactions between

Answer 2

the chemical components of living systems and the drugs that enter those systems

Question 3

An IV drug is _% bioavailable

Answer 3

100

Question 4

A drug must reach the _ _ in sufficient concentration in order to be effective

Answer 4

target tissue

Question 5

A _ dose may be used to allow for adequate concentration of the drug in the target tissue

Answer 5

loading

Question 6

Absorption ends in organs of

Answer 6

metabolism and elimination

Question 7

_ refers to the fraction of a drug dose that reaches the bloodstream

Answer 7

Bioavailability

Question 8

Absorption is influenced by the ___ of a drug

Answer 8

route of administration

Question 9

Routes of administration

Answer 9

PO
Parental:
-IV, IM,SQ, IP,IA,IC,Epidural,Etc.
Inhalation
Topical

Question 10

Speed of absorption in order

Answer 10

IV/IO
Transtracheal (ETT)
Sublingual
Rectal
IM
SQ
Oral

Question 11

Duration of action

Answer 11

PO>SQ>IM>IV

Question 12

Drug distribution=

Answer 12

movement of an absorbed drug from the blood to the various tissues of the body

Question 13

Drug distribution refers to the reversible transfer of a drug between

Answer 13

the blood and the extra vascular fluids and tissues of the body

Question 14

The most important physical barrier to drug movement is the --_ which limits drugs from entering the central nervous system

Answer 14

blood-brain-barrier (BBB)

Question 15

An important component of the BBB is the P-glycoprotein pump which is

Answer 15

a protein that protects the brain from exposure to various drugs and substances by actively pumping them out of the cells

Question 16

Anatomic barriers

Answer 16

BBB, Epidural barrier, Blood-testis barrier

Question 17

Primary organ of biotransformation is

Answer 17

the liver

Question 18

Biotransformation aka chemical modification of a drug is the ability of the body

Answer 18

to change a drug from the form in which it was delivered into a form that can be eliminated from the body

Question 19

Most drugs are metabolized by the _ and eliminated via the _

Answer 19

liver; kidneys (urine)

Question 20

Drugs may also be secreted via

Answer 20

sweat, bile/feces, lungs, etc

Question 21

Steady state

Answer 21

amount administered=amount eliminated

Question 22

Most common diseases that impact drug PK

Answer 22

liver disease, kidney disease, cardiovascular disease

Question 23

How does cardiovascular disease affect the body

Answer 23

-Alters distribution of blood flow to tissues
-More blood is distributed to the brain and heart
-Alterations in gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal blood flow impact drug
-P often on multiple drugs

Question 24

Decreased drug elimination =

Answer 24

increasing plasma drug concentrations

Question 25

Increased _ _ associated with kidney disease can alter the volume of distribution of drugs

Answer 25

fluid retention

Question 26

With liver disease, patients may have decreased amounts of

Answer 26

plasma proteins

Question 27

No drug has a

Answer 27

single effect

Question 28

Pharmacodynamics is the study of

Answer 28

the mechanisms by which a drug produces a physiologic change within the body

Question 29

Drug molecules combine w/ _ _ to create a physiologic change in cell function

Answer 29

cellular receptors

Question 30

Agonist

Answer 30

a drug with a high level of affinity for a receptor

Question 31

Antagonist

Answer 31

a drug that blocks another drug from binding with a receptor

Question 32

Therapeutics is the study of

Answer 32

drug use in the tx of disease

Question 33

Partial agonist

Answer 33

a drug with weak affinity for a receptor

Question 34

Antagonist are most commonly

Answer 34

reversal drugs

Question 35

Drugs are used to treat disease based on the following methods:

Answer 35

diagnostic empirical/ symptomatic

Question 36

Drug regimen components

Answer 36

route of administration amount to be given (dosage) how often to give the drug (frequency) how long to give the drug (duration)

Question 37

As an RVT you should be aware of

Answer 37

Indications Contraindications Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics

Question 38

Side effect is an imprecise term often used to refer to a

Answer 38

drug's unintended effects that occur within the therapeutic range

Question 39

Adverse drug reaction is a broad term referring to

Answer 39

unwanted, uncomfortable, or dangerous effects that a drug or the "carriers" in the drug may have

Question 40

Adverse drug reactions may result from

Answer 40

using the wrong drug, wrong dose, wrong interval, route of administration, wrong patient

Question 41

Carriers =

Answer 41

inactive ingredients

Question 42

FDA regulates

Answer 42

drugs, food additives, and medical devices

Question 43

USDA (US department of agriculture) regulates

Answer 43

biologics (vaccines, serums, antitoxins)

Question 44

EPA (Environmental protection agency) regulates

Answer 44

pesticides

Question 45

The FDA requires that each drug be labeled with

Answer 45

-drug name (both generic and trade) -drug concentration and quantity -name and address of manufacturer -controlled substance status -manufacturers control or lot # -drugs expiration date -package insert (list of instructions, warnings)

Question 46

Effective dose

Answer 46

the amount of the test drug that causes a defined effect in 50% of the animals that receive it (ED50)

Question 47

Lethal dose

Answer 47

the amount of the test drug that kills 50% of the animals that receive it (LD50)

Question 48

Thereapeutic index is the

Answer 48

drug dosage or dose that produces the desired effect w/ minimal or no signs of toxicity aka margin of safety

Question 49

Therapeutic index is determined by

Answer 49

comparing lethal dose and effective dose of the drug (LD50 divided by ED50)

Question 50

In the US, new veterinary drugs must go through a series of tests mandated by the _

Answer 50

FDA

Question 51

The larger the number that is produced by dividing LD50 and ED50 the greater the level of _

Answer 51

safety

Question 52

A wide therapeutic index means that the drug can produce its desired effect without

Answer 52

approaching toxicity

Question 53

What are residues

Answer 53

quantities of drug that remain in animal products when they are consumed

Question 54

What is a withdrawal period

Answer 54

the minimum period of time from administering the last dose of medication and the use of meat or other animal-derived products for food

Question 55

Prescription drugs are regulated by the FDA and are limited to use under the supervision of a veterinarian or physician because of their

Answer 55

potential danger, toxicity concerns, administration difficulty, or other considerations

Question 56

Prescription drugs are prescribed to animals once a ____ has been established

Answer 56

veterinarian/ client/ patient relationship

Question 57

Extra label drugs are drugs used in a manner that is

Answer 57

not specifically described on the FDA approved label

Question 58

Extra label drug use is allowed under what act

Answer 58

Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA)

Question 59

Why are controlled substances considered dangerous

Answer 59

because of their potential for human abuse or misuse

Question 60

Controlled substances are regulated by the

Answer 60

DEA (Drug enforcement agency)

Question 61

Schedule levels for controlled drugs

Answer 61

Schedule I Schedule II/IIN (2/2N) Schedule III/IIIN (3/3N) Schedule IV Schedule V

Question 62

Controlled substances must be stored in

Answer 62

a locked cabinet or safe

Question 63

How long should controlled substance records should be kept for

Answer 63

2 years

Question 64

Dietary supplements fall between category of _ and category of _

Answer 64

food; drugs

Question 65

What a nutraceutical

Answer 65

a non drug substance that is produced in a purified or extracted form and administered orally to provide agents required for normal body structure and function w/ the intent of improving the health and well-being of animals

Question 66

What is compounding

Answer 66

manipulation of a drug other than provided for on approved drug label (diluting, mixing with another drug in the same syringe)

Question 67

Disposal of unwanted drugs

Answer 67

1.Incinerate 2.If cannot incinerate, drugs sent to landfill 3.Never flush 4.Maintain inventory control 5.Always follow federal and state guidelines