CH 9: Respiration and Artificial Ventilation - Concepts

Question 1

On average, how much air reaches the alveoli?

Answer 1

350 mL out of 500 mL - rest is in dead air space

Question 2

What is diffusion?

Answer 2

The movement of gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 3

What is pulmonary respiration?

Answer 3

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between the alveoli and circulating blood in pulmonary capillaries.

Question 4

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 4

The exchange of O2 and CO2 between cells and circulating blood.

Question 5

Name the three mechanical failures of the cardiopulmonary system.

Answer 5

Mechanics of breathing disrupted
Gas exchange interrupted
Circulation issues

Question 6

What is respiratory distress?

Answer 6

Increased work of breathing; a sensation of shortness of breath

Question 7

What is respiratory failure?

Answer 7

The reduction of breathing to the point where oxygen intake is not sufficient to support life.

Question 8

What is respiratory arrest?

Answer 8

When breathing completely stops.

Question 9

What is inadequate breathing?

Answer 9

Rate or depth of breathing falls outside normal ranges.

Question 10

What is hypoxia?

Answer 10

Insufficient supply of oxygen to the body’s tissues.

Question 11

What is a normal respiratory rate for an adult, child and infant?

Answer 11

Adult: 12-20 per min
Child: 15-30 per min
Infant: 25-50 per min

Question 12

What is artificial ventilation (positive pressure ventilation)?

Answer 12

Forcing air or oxygen into the lungs when a patient has stopped breathing or has inadequate breathing. Also called positive pressure ventilation.

Question 13

What are the negative side effects of positive pressure ventilation?

Answer 13

Decreasing cardiac output/dropping blood pressure
Gastric distention (vomiting, diaphragm restriction)
Hyperventilation (too much CO2 blown off)

Question 14

What are signs of adequate artificial ventilation?

Answer 14

Chest rise/fall with each ventilation

Rate/min is sufficient: adult (10-12), child (20), infant (20)

Question 15

What are the types of masks used for artificial ventilation?

Answer 15

Mouth-to-mask (pocket face mask)
Bag-valve mask
Flow-restricted, oxygen-powered device
Automatic transport ventilator

Question 16

Which patients should receive oxygen?

Answer 16

Those with O2 saturations <94%, those who show signs of hypoxia, pale skin, altered mental status, cyanosis or difficulty breathing

Question 17

What are the types of masks for oxygen delivery?

Answer 17

Nonrebreather mask (80-100%)
Nasal cannula (24-44%)
Partial rebreather mask (40-60%)
Venturi mask (set %/flow rate)
Tracheostomy mask (over stoma)