Ch 9 - Social Interaction

Question 1

Statuses

Answer 1

• positions in society that are used to classify individuals
  
  • ascribed - given involuntarily
    
    • race, gender, family
  • achieved - gained via effort
  • master - status by which is most identified
    
    • how people view themselves

Question 2

Role

Answer 2

• a set of beliefs, values, attitudes, and norms that define expectations for a status
• role performance - performing behaviors associated with the status
• role partner - person whom one is interacting
• role set - various roles that are associated with a single status
  
  • status: doctor
  • role partners: patients, nurses, families, other doctors
  • role set is the combo of all of the interactions

Question 3

Role conflict/strain/exit

Answer 3

• role conflict - difficulty satisfying the requirements or expectations of several roles
• role strain - difficulty satisfying multiple requirements of the same role
• role exit - dropping one identity for another

Question 4

Groups

Answer 4

• aka social group - 2 or more people with similar characteristics that have a sense of unity
  
  • dyad - 2 people
  • triad
• social interaction strenghtens the group

Question 5

Types of groups

Answer 5

• peer group - association of self-selected equals
• family group
• In group - individual belongs
• out group - individual competes or is in opposition
• reference group - establish terms by which an individual evaluates themselves

Question 6

primary/secondary groups

Answer 6

• primary - direct interactions, close bonds, intimate relationship
• secondary - superficial, few emotional bonds, dissolve without significance

Question 7

Community and Society Groups

Answer 7

• Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (community and society)
• community - shared beliefs, ancestry, or geography
• society - groups formed due to mutual self interests or working together

Question 8

Analysis of groups

Answer 8

• interaction process analysis - observe, classify, and measure small groups
  
  • now called system for multiple level organization of groups (SYMLOG)
  • 3 dimensions of interaction
    
    • dominance vs submission
    • friendliness vs unfriendliness
    • instrumentally controlled vs emotionally expressive

Question 9

Group conformity

Answer 9

• group pressure shapes members’ behavior
• individual is compliant with the group goals
• groupthink - focus on group ideas and individual ideas get silenced or not stated
  
  • lead to limited view or incorrect decision

Question 10

Networks

Answer 10

• observable pattern of social relationships
• network redundancy - overlapping connections with the same individual
• network may improve resources, but also may require commitments
• immediate network - dense with strong ties
• distant network - looser, acquaintances

Question 11

organizations

Answer 11

• entities set to achieve specific goal
• have strucutre and culture
• formal organizations - continue with departure of member/s, expressed goals, written guidelines and procedures, hierarchy of roles and duties

Question 12

characteristic institution

Answer 12

• bureaucracy - rational system of political organization, admin, discipline, and control
  
  • paid, nonelected officials
  • officials with rights and privileges due to holding office
  • salary increases, rights, and promotions for passing exams or milestones
  • officials with advanced degrees/training
  • procedures and responsibilities defined by the organization
  • responsibility to meet demands of the position
• slow to change
• less efficient

Question 13

Iron law of oligarchy

Answer 13

• democratic or bureucratic systems naturally shift to being ruled by an elite group

Question 14

mcdonaldization

Answer 14

• shift in focus toward efficiency, predictability, calculability, and control in society

Question 15

Self presentation

Answer 15

• display oneself in society via culturally accepted behvaiors
• use strategies to shape what others think of them
• impression management

Question 16

basic model of emotional expression

Answer 16

• originated with Darwin
• emotional expression involves: facial expression, behaviors, postures, vocal changes, and physiological changes
• many emotions are universally expressed (facial features)
• appraisal model - bio predetermined expressions once an emotion is experienced
  
  • cognitive antecedent to emotional expression
  • balance of bio and cognitive to determine expression

Question 17

Social context and culture shape emotion

Answer 17

• social construction model - no bio basis for emotion. based on experience and context alone
  
  • certain emotions require social encounters
  • emotions expressed differently across cultures
• Display rules - cultural expectation of emotions
  
  • manage emotions to control how they are expressed
• cultural syndrome - shared set of beliefs, attitudes, norms, values, and behaviors amoung same culture that is organized around a theme
  
  • influence expression and experience of emotions
• gender differences in emotional expression and perception

Question 18

Impression management

Answer 18

• attempts to influence how others perceive us
  
  • authentic self - both positive and negative attributes
  • ideal self - optimal circumstances
  • tactical self - who we market ourselces to be when we adhere to others expectations
• strategies for impression management
  
  • self disclosure - establish identity by giving info
  • managing appearances - props, appearance, emotional expression
  • ingratiation - flattery and conform to expectations
  • aligning actions - make excuses for questionable behavior
  • alter-casting - impose an identity onto another person

Question 19

dramaturgical approach

Answer 19

• Erving Goffman
• compare theatrical performance to how people create images of themselves
• front stage - perform according to the role, setting, script in order to conform to image people want to see
• back stage - not being observed. act how they want without worry

Question 20

Me and I

Answer 20

• George Mead
• Me - respnse to the environment
  
  • societal expectation
• I - creative expression of the person

Question 21

communication

Answer 21

• ability to convey info by speech, writing, signals, or behavior
• verbal - spokem, written, sign language, tactile language (Braille)
  
  • often dependent on nonverbal cues
• nonverbal
  
  • facial expressions
  • tone
  • gestures
  • body position
  • movement, touch
  • eye position
• nonverbal cues often depend on culture

Question 22

Animal communication

Answer 22

• behavior of one animal that affects another
• some facial expressions are even conserved in animals and humans
• pheromones