Ch 4 - Cognition, Language Flashcards
1
Q
cognition
A
- how brain processes and reacts to information in the world
- large frontal lobe accounts for humans greater cognition
2
Q
dual coding theory
A
both verbal and visual associations are used to process and store information
3
Q
information processing model
A
- thinking requires sensation, encoding, and storage
- stimuli must be analyzed by the brain - not automatically responded to
- situational modification - use one situation to help solve another problem
- problem solving is dependent on cognitive level, context, and complexity of situation
4
Q
cognitive development
A
- development of ability to think adn solve problems across the lifespan
- children first master physical tasks and the environment
- then abstract thinking
- Piagets Stages of Cognitive Development
- sensorimotor
- preoperational
- concrete operational
- formal operational
5
Q
About Jean Piaget model
A
- infants learn via instintual interaction with the environment
- schema - organized pattern of behavior and thought
- concepts, behaviors, sequence of events
- adaptation - new information placed into different schemas
- assimilation - classify new info into existing schema
- accommodation - modify existing schema to encompass new info
6
Q
Sensorimotor stage
A
- birth - 2yo
- manipulate environment to meet needs
- primary circular reactions - repetition of body movements that occured by chance
- secondary circular reactions - manipulation focused on something outside of the body
- used to get response from environment
- object permanence - understand that objects exist even when out of view
- marks end of this stage
- representational thought - create mental representations of external objects and events
7
Q
preoperational stage
A
- 2yo - 7yo
- symbolic thinking - pretend, play make believe, imagination
- egocentrism - inability to imagine what another person may think
- centration - focus on only one aspect of a phenomenon
- conservation - ability to understand more than one aspect of an object
- children lack conservation when they think a taller cup of water always has more water than a shorter fatter cup
8
Q
concrete operational stage
A
- 7yo - 11yo
- understand conservation
- consider prospective of others
- logical thought applied to concrete objects
9
Q
formal operational stage
A
- 11yo +
- think logically about abstract ideas
- problem solve
10
Q
cultural effect on cognitive development
A
- influence rate of development
- influence areas of focus such as social learning, cultural traditions, knowledge
- Lev Vygotsky - cognitive development is determined by internalization of culture, interpersonal and societal rules, symbols, language
11
Q
Cognitive change with aging
A
- fluid intelligence - problem solving skills
- peak in early adulthood, decline with age
- crystallized intelligence - learned skills and knowledge
- peak in mid adulthood, decline with age
- activities of daily living - eating, bathing, dressing, mobility
- linked to intelletual ability
- education, socailization, stimulation protect from decline in intelligence
- dementia - caused by loss of intellet and then loss of function
- maybe caused by vascular dementia - high blood pressure and microscopici closts that cause stroke
- Alzheimers causes dementia
12
Q
delirium
A
- rapid fluctuation in cognitive function that is reversible and caused by medical causes
- electrolyte/pH disturbance, malnutrition, low blood sugar, drug reaction, alcohol withdrawal, pain
13
Q
Factors that effect cognitive development
A
- brain disorders, genetics, chromosomal conditions, metabolic derangements, long term drug use, environment
- parenting style
- chemical exposure, illness, injury, trauma during birth (reduce oxygen to brain)
- fetal alcohol syndrome
- shaken baby syndrome
14
Q
Fetal alcohol syndrome
A
- skin fold at corner of eyes
- low nasal bridge
- short nose
- no groove between upper lip and nose
- small head
- small eye openings
- small midface
- thin upper lip
- slowed cognitive development
15
Q
mental set
A
approach similar problems in the same way
can limit abstract problem solving
16
Q
functional fixedness
A
inability to consider how to use an object in a nontraditional manner
17
Q
Types of problem solving
A
- trial and error - effective when limited number of solutions
- algorithms - formula or procedure
- mathematical or set of instructions
- deductive reasoning - top down reasoning, draw conclusions based on information and rules given
- inductive reasoning - bottom up reasoning, create theory via generalizations
18
Q
heuristics effect on problem solving
A
- rules of thumb - simplified principles used to make decisions
- availability heuristic - how likely is something
- how easily can similar instances be imagined
- representativeness heuristics - categorizing items on basis of if they fit into prototypical, stereotypical, or representative images of the category
- base rate fallacy - using prototypical or stereotypical factors while ignoring numerical info/statistics
19
Q
bias and overconfidence effect on problem solving
A
- disconfirmation principle - evidence from testing showed the solution doesnt work
- confirmation bias - tendency to focus on information that fits an individuals beliefs and rejects info against them
- overconfidence - interpret decision, knowledge and beliefs as infallible
- belief perserverance - inability to reject particular belief despite clear evidence against it
- IMPEDE ANALYSIS OF EVIDENCE
20
Q
intuition effect on problem solving
A
- act on perceptions that may not be supported by evidence
- may improve with experience
- recognition-primed decision model - sort through info to match a pattern that has been seen in the past
21
Q
emotion effect on problem solving
A
- subjective experience of a person in a certain situation
- influences problem solving
22
Q
multiple intelligences
A
- 7 types of intelligence
- linguistic and logical math
- 2 most valued in western culture. tested on IQ test
- musical
- visual spatial
- bodily kinesthetic
- interpersonal
- intrapersonal
23
Q
IQ
A
24
Q
- intelligence quotient
- Alfred Binet
- Stanford-Binet IQ test
- IQ = (mental age / chronological age) * 100
- g factor - general intelligence factor
- performance on cognitive tasks are correlated to a factor that is measured by an IQ test
- Intellect is hereditary
- effected by education
A
25
consciousness
level of awareness of the world and ones existence within the world
* states - alertness, sleep, dreaming, altered state
* altered - sickness, dementia, delirium, coma
26
alertness
* awake and able to think
* EEG shows brain in waking state
* high cortisol levels
* reticular formation - in brainstem
* communicate with cortex to keep it awake
* disruption results in a coma
27
sleep
* studying using an EEG - avergae electrical pattern
* 90 minute cycles
* beta waves - high frequency, alert and tending to mental task, concentration. Neurons randomly firing
* alpha waves - awake and relaxing with eyes closed, slower than beta, synchronized
* stage 1 - theta waves - slow frequency and irregular, high voltage
* stage 2 - theta waves with sleep spindles (rapid waves) and K complexes (spikes)
* stage 3 and 4 - slow wave sleep (SWS)
* delta waves - low frequency high voltage
* hard to wake someone up
* cognitive recovery, declarative memory consolidation, increase growth hormone release
* Stage 1 - 4 are nonrapid eye movement (NREM)
* REM sleep - between cycles of NREM
* paradoxical sleep - EEG, HR, breathing mimics wakefulness but person is asleep
* procedural memory consolidation
28
sleep cycles
* 50 min in children, more time in SWS
* 90 min in adults
* complete progression through sleep stages
* SWS dominates in early night
* REM dominates later
* disrupted sleep - memory loss, decrease cognitive ability, mood, motor skills
29
Circadian Rhythms
* daily internal cycle or sleep/wake
* 24hrs
* melatonin - produced by pineal gland that is controlled by hypothalamus
* decrease light - retina send message to hypothalamus and more melatonin secreted by pineal gland
* cortisol - from adrenal cortex, slowly increase in morning due to increased light
* corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) from hypothalamus
* CRF causes adrenocorticotropic hormine (ACTH) from anterior pituitary gland that stimulates cortisol release
* causes wakefulness
30
dreaming
* 75% in REM
* activation-synthesis theory - caused by widespread, random neural activation
* cortex tries to put together random thoughts - bizarre dreams
* problem solving dream theory - untethered by rules, new solutions
* cognitive process dream theory - sleeping counter part of consciousness
* neurocognitive models - unify bio and psych by correlating cognitive with measured physiological changes
31
dyssomnias
* difficult to sleep or avoid sleep
* insomnia - difficulty falling asleep
* related to anxiety, depression, medication
* narcolepsy - lack of control over onset of sleep
* cataplexy - loss of muscle control and sudden REM sleep, emotional trigger possible
* sleep paralysis - unable to move while being awake
* hypnagogic/hypnopompic hallucinations - while going to sleep or awakening
* sleep apnea - inability to breathe while sleeping
* obstructive
* central - brain fails to send signals to diaphragm
32
parasomnias
* night terrors - intense anxiety during SWS, child hard to wake
* sleepwalking/somnambulism - during SWS
* often no recollection and return to bed
* sleep deprivation - irritability, mood disturbance, decrease performance, slow reaction time
* REM rebound - earlier onset and greater REM
33
hypnosis
* appear to be in control, but in a highly suggestible state
* hypnotic induction - relax subject and increase subjects concentration
34
meditation
* quieting of the mind
* buddhism, hinduism, Taoism, Judaism
* decreased heart rate and blood pressure
* EEG similar to stage 1 of sleep
35
depressants
reduce nervous system activity
relaxation and reduced anxiety
alcohol
Barbiturates and benzodiazepines
36
Alcohol as a depressant
* increase activity of GABA receptor, Cl- channel that causes hyperpolarization
* brain inhibition, diminished arousal
* increase dopamine - mild euphoria
* alcohol myopia - inability to recognize consequences of actions, short sighted view of the world
* widely abused
* alcoholism - runs in families, higher in low SES
* children of alcoholism parents are more likley to suffer from major depressive disorder
* cirrhosis, pancreatic damage, ulcers, GI cancer, brain disorders
* Werniche-Korsakoff Syndrome - deficiency of thiamine
* severe memory impairment, change mental status, loss of motor skills
37
Barbiturates and Benzodiazapines
* barb - used to reduce anxiety and improve sleep
* replaced by benzodiazepines - less prone to OD
* increase GABA activity and cause relaxation
* highly addictive
* can OD when used with alcohol
38
Stimulants
* increase arousal
* increase frequency of action potentials
* amphetamines - increase release dopamine, norepi, serotonin and decrease reuptake
* reduce appetite, decrease sleep, increase HR and BP
* euphoria, hypervigilance, anxiety, paranoia
* suffer from withdrawal
* cocaine - coca plant, decrease reuptae of dopamine, norepi, serotonin
* simliar to amphetamines
* anesthetic and vasocontrict
* can lead to heart attack and stroke
* crack - smoked, highly addictive
* ectasy (MDMA) - hallucinogen plus amphetamine
* increase HR, BP, blurry vision, nausea, hyperthermia, euphoria
* sense of well being and connectedness
39
Opiates/Opioids
* opium derivatives, poppy plant
* bind to opiod receptors in PNS and CNS
* opiates - naturally occuring forms
* morphine, codeine
* opioids - semisynthetic derivatives - oxycodone, hydrocodone, heroin
* decreased reaction to pain, sense of euphoria
* OD via respiratory depression
* heroin - metabolized to morphine
* methadone - long acting opiod with lower risk of OD
40
Hallucinogens
* Lysergic acid diethylamide
* distort reality adn fantasy
* increase HR and BP, sweating, dilate pupils, increase body temp
41
Marijuana
* THC - tetrahydrocannabinol
* acts on cannabinoid, glycine, and opioid receptors
* inhibits GABA activity increase dopamine
* increase HR, decrease BP, increase eat, impair short term memory, dry mouth, fatigue, eye redness
42
Drug addiction
* dopaminergic pathway
* mesolimbic reward pathway - nucleaus accumbens (NAc), central tegmental area (VTA), connected by the medial forebrain bundle (MFB)
* activated by substances that produce psychological dependence (love, gambling)
43
selective attention
* focusing on one part of sensorium (sensory environment) while ignoring other stimuli
* cocktail party phenomenon - engaged in conversation and paying attention, yet perceive your name stated across the room
* focus on one stimuli, but process other stimuli in the background
44
divided attention
* multi tasking
* controlled (effortful) processing - require undivided attention
* automatic processing - familiar or routine tasks
45
Components of language
* phonology - actual sound of language
* 40 speech sounds called phonemes
* categorical perception - ability to distinguish between different pronunciations and different meanings
* example of constancy
* morphology - structure of words
* morphemes - parts of words
* semantics - association of meaning to the world
* syntax - how words form sentences
* pragmatics - dependence of language on context and pre-existing knowledge
* prosody - rhythm, cadence, inflection of voice
46
Language development
* 9mon - 12 mon - babbling
* 12mon - 18 mon - one word per month
* important for parent ot identify meaning. follow gestures, inflection, context
* 18 - 20 mon - explosion of language, combine words. Context less important
* 2 - 3yo - longer sentences, more vocab, more grammar errors
* errors of growth - apply grammar rule incorrectly
* mastered by age 5
47
Nativist Theory of Language
* biological
* Noam Chomsky
* innate capacity for language
* transformational grammar - syntactic transformations, change word order
* language acquisition device (LAD) - theoretical pathway in brain allows infants to process and absorb language rules
* critical period - between 2yo and puberty, exposure to language is required. If no exposure then later attempt will not be successful
* sensitive period - environmental input has mac effect on development
* more reasonable then critical period
48
learning theory of language
* Behaviorist
* BF Skinner
* via operant conditioning
* reinforcement - sounds reinforced and used repeatedly by parents are used by infant
* cannot explain explosion of vocab at 18-20months
49
social interactionist theory
* interplay between bio and social processes
* driven by childs desire to communicate and behave in social manner
* bio develops and children exposed to language ... then interacts with others and it is reinforced
50
Influence of language on cognition
* psycholinguistics - language and thinking relationship
* Whorfian hypothesis (linguistic relativity hyposthesis) - our perception is determined by content of language
* language effects how we think
* more vocabulary and language framework - more processinga and enhanced communication
51
Brain area for language
* dominant hemisphere (typically left)
* Brocas area - inferior frontal gyrus of frontal lobe - motor function of speech, connected to motor cortex
* Wernickes area - superior temporal gyrus of temporal lobe - language comprehension
* 2 areas connected by arcuate fasciculus
* aphasia - deficit of language production
* Broca's (expressive) aphasia - effect spoken language, word on tip of tongue
* Wernickes (receptive) aphasia - lose of speech comprehension, speak random words and sounds
* conduction aphasia - damaged arcuate fasciculus, unable to repeat something that has been said
