Chapter 1 - Brain Flashcards
1
Q
Franz Gall
A
- behavior, intellect, and personality are linked to brain anatomy
- phrenology - brain expands when trait is larger. Cause large head
- measure attributes by measuring brain
2
Q
Pierre Flourens
A
- functions of sections of brain
- extirpation/ablation - remove part of brain and observe behavior
- specific parts have specific functions
3
Q
william james
A
- functionalism - how thought leads to adaption to environment
4
Q
John Dewey
A
- functionalism
- study whole organism as it adapts to environment
5
Q
Paul Broca
A
- link lesions to specific impairments
- speech connected to specific left side area (Broca’s area)
6
Q
Hermann von Helmholtz
A
- measure speed of nerve impulse
- bridge to natural science
7
Q
Charles Sherrington
A
- existance of synapses
- originally thought of as an electrical process but is actually chemical
8
Q
sensory neurons
A
- aka afferent
- transmit sensory info
- spinal cord to brain
9
Q
motor neurons
A
- aka efferent
- brain to spinal cord to muscles/glands
10
Q
Interneuron
A
between neurons and are most numerous neuron
mostly in spinal cord and brain
reflexive behavior
11
Q
reflex arc
A
- immediate response to a stimulus without the help of the brain
- uses interneurons
- info sent to the brain but reflex has already occured
12
Q
nervous system divisions
A
- central - brain and spinal cord
- peripheral - nerve tissue and fibers outside of the brain, spinal nerves and cranial nerves, olfactory and optic nerves
- somatic
- autonomic
- sympathetic
- parasympathetic
13
Q
somatic nervous system
A
- sensory and motor neurons
- sensory - afferent
- motor - efferent
14
Q
autonamic nervous system
A
- regulate heartbeat, respiration, digestion, glands, body temp
- involuntary muscle control
- sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are antagonistic - oppose each other
15
Q
parasympathetic nervous system
A
- conserve energy
- reduce heart rate, constrict bronchi, increase digestion, constrict pupils, stimulate saliva, contracts bladder
- acetylcholine is the responsible NT
16
Q
sympathetic nervous system
A
- activated by stress
- fight or flight
- rage and fear reactions
- increase heart rate, blood to muscles, relax bronchi, increase blood glucose, decrease digestion, dilate eyes, release epinephrine into blood
- secrete adrenaline and noradrenaline (epinephrine and norepinephrine)
17
Q
Layers of meninges
A
- meninges - connective tissue. protects brain, anchors to skull, resorb CSF
- closest to brain - pia mater, arachnoid mater, dura mater
- superficial to meninges is the bone then periosteum and skin
18
Q
Overall brain structure
A
- hindbrain and midbrain form the brainstem
- most primitive
- forebrain - includes limbic system (emotion and memory - aggression, fear, pleasure, pain)
- cerebral cortex - most recent evolutionarily
19
Q
hindbrain
A
- rhombencephalon - controls balance, motor coordination, breathing, digestion, arousal (sleep/wake)
- divides into -
- myelencephalon - medulla oblongata - vital functions
- metencephalon - pons and cerebellum
- pons - pathway between cortex and medulla
- cerebellum - posture, balance, coordinate body movement
- impaired by alcohol
20
Q
midbrain
A
- mesencephalon - receive motor and sensory info from body
- involuntary response to visual/audio stimuli
- superior colliculus - visual sensory input
- inferior colliculus - auditory sensory input
21
Q
forebrain
A
- prosencephalon - complex perceptual, cognitive, behavioral processes. Emotion and memory
- greatest influence on human behavior
- telencephalon - cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system
- diencephalon - thalamus, hypothalamus, posterior pituitary gland, pineal gland
22
Q
neuropsychology
A
- functions and behaviors associated with specific regions of the brain
- study brain lesions in order to see affected behavior/function
- difficult in humans, use lab animals and precisely cause lesion
23
Q
cortical maps
A
- electrically stimulate the brain and make a map
- use patient input to make map
24
Q
electroencephalogram (EEG)
A
- monitor electrical activity of large groups of neurons
- place electrodes on the scalp
- noninvasive
- map brain
25
regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF)
* broad patterns based on increase blood flow to areas of the brain
* assumes blood flow increases as brain is active
* uses radioactive blood dye
26
Common brain scanning methods
CT - computed tomography - X rays at different angles to make cross sectional images
PET - positron emission tomography - track radioactive sugar
MRI - magnetic resonance imaging - magnetic field and maps hydrogen density
fMRI - functional MRI - measures changes associated with blood flow. monitor neural activity
27
thalamus
relay input sensory info
all senses except smell
sort and transmit to cortex
28
hypothalamus
homeostatic functions (metabolism, temp, water), emotions (arousal, aggression, sex), control endocrine, autonomic NS, hunger, thirst, sexual behavior
lateral - eating and drinking (LH, lacks hunger when destroyed)
ventromedial - satiety center. signals stop eating (VMH, very much hungry when destroyed)
anterior - sexual behavior, sleep, body temp (A, asexual, when destroyed)
Four F's - feeding, fighting, flighting, functioning (sexual)
29
posterior pituitary and pineal gland
* post. pituitary - release hypothalamic hormones such as ADH and oxytocin
* pineal - secrete melatonin - regulate circadian rhythms
* signals from retina to coordinate with sunlight
30
basal ganglia
* coordinate muscle movement
* receive info from cortex and relay
* extrapyramidal system - gather info about pody position and sends to CNS
* smooth movement and steady posture
* parkinsons - destruction of basal ganglia
31
limbic system
* emotion and memory
* septal nuclei - primary pleasure center - associated with addiction
* amygdala - defensive and aggresive behavior
* fear and rage
* hippocampus - learning and memory processes
* consolidate into long term memory
* communicate through the fornix
32
anterograde and retrograde amnesia
anterograde - not being able to establish new long term memories. Prior memory intact
retrograde - memory loss of events before brain injury
33
cerebral cortex
aka neocortex
* bumps are gyri
* folds are sulci
* cerebral hemispheres are the halves
* frontal - executive function
* parietal - touch, temp, pain
* occipital - vision
* temporal - hearing
34
frontal lobe
* prefrontal cortex - executive function - perception, memory, emotion, impulse, long term planning
* association area - integrates input from diverse brain regions
* primary motor cortex - precentral gyrus - initiates voluntary motor movements
* Brocas area - speech, in dominant hemisphere
35
projection area
rudimentary or simple perceptual and motor tasks
- processes sensory information
36
homunculus
* motor - maps areas of brain used for motor skills. Fine motor skills use larger area than proportional to that body part
* somatosensory - sensitive areas like fingers and face have large areas on map
37
parietal lobe
* somatosensory cortex - postcentral gyrus
* destination for all sensory input signals for touch, pressure, temp, and pain
* central parietal - spatial processing and manipulation - mapreading
* orient in 3D space
38
occipital lobe
* visual cortex - aka striate cortex
* sensation and perception of visual info
39
temporal lobe
* auditory cortex - sound processing - speech, music, other
* wernickes area - larguage reception and comprehension
* also helps with memory processing, emotion, language
40
contralaterally and ipsilaterally
* contra - one side of brain communicates with opposite side of the body
* motor neurons
* ipsa - same side of brain and body communicate
* hearing
41
dominant hemisphere
* usually left
* more stimulated during language reception adn production
* analytic in function - language, logic, math
* not determined by handedness
42
nondominant hemisphere
* usually right
* intuition, creativity, music cognition, spacial processing
* emotional tone of language
* faces, music, emotion, geometry, sense of direction
43
acetylcholine
* CNS and PNS
* muscle control
* excite skeletal and inhibit cardiac muscle
* CNS - attention and arousal, excitatory
* parasympathetic and efferent (motor) of somatic
* sympathetic - small influence - in ganglia and innervate sweat glands
44
epinephrine and norepinephrine
* catecholamines
* monoamines
* experience of emotions
* control alertness
* sympathetic NS - promote flight or fight
* norepi at local level, epi at systemic (from adrenal medulla)
* low norepi - depression
* high norepi - anxiety and mania
45
dopamine
* catecholamine
* monoamine
* movement and posture
* high conc in basal ganglia
* dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia - symptoms caused by too much dopamine or oversensitivity
* parkinsons - loss of dopaminergic neurons
46
serotonin
* monoamine
* mood, eating, sleeping, dreaming
* high - manic
* low - depression
47
GABA, Glycine, Glutamate
* GABA - gamma-amminobutyric acid
* inhibitory postsynaptic potentials - stabilize neural activity
* cause hyperpolarization
* glycine - inhbitory NT in CNS. Increase Cl- into neuron, hyperpolarize
* glutamate - excitatory NT
48
peptide NT
* neuromodulators aka neuropeptides
* chain of events cause effect
* slower and longer effects
* endorphins - natural painkillers. similar to morphine/opioids
* enkephalins is a relative
49
hypophyseal portal system
* hypothalamus links the endocrine and nervous systems
* controls function of pituitary gland and hormone release
* portal system connects the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland
50
pituitary gland
* anterior and posterior
* anterior - master gland
* FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, prolactin, endorphins, GH
* regulate activity of other endocrine glands
* posterior - ADH, oxytocin
51
adrenal glands
* top of kidneys
* medulla and cortex
* medulla - epi and norepi
* cortex - corticosteroids such as cortisol, testosterone, estrogen
52
innate behavior
* genetically programmed as a result of evolution
* regardless of environment
53
learned behaviors
* not hereditary
* experience and environment
54
adaptive value
* extent to which a trait or behavior positively benefits a species by influencing the evolutionary fitness of the species
* leads to adapation and natural selection
55
nature v. nurture
* genetics vs environmental influence
* combination of both influences
56
family studies
* compare rate of trait within a family to rate of the trait in general population
* cannot distinguish between environment and genetic influence
57
twin studies
* concordance rate - likelihood that both twins exhibit the same trait
* monozygotic are identical and have 100% same genes
* dizygotic have about 50% same genes
* difference between mono and di twins is likely hereditary factor
* compare twins raised together and seperate to test environment
58
adoption study
* compare adoptive child to bio parents and to adoptive parents
* bio parents have same genes different environment
* adoptive parents have different genes and the same environment
59
neurulation
* ectoderm overlying the notocord begins to furroe and form neural groove surrounded by two neural folds
* leading edge of neural fold are neural crest
* forms disparate tissue - dorsal root ganglia, melanocytes, and calcitonin producing cells (thyroid)
* Close furrow to form neural tube - CNS
* alar plate of neural tube - sensory neurons
* basal plate of neural tube - motor neurons
* neural tube folds on itself several times to become the brain
60
rubella
cataracts
deafness
heart defects
mental retardation
61
Pharmaceuticals during pregancy
thalidomide - malformed limbs, taken to combast morning sickness
antiepileptic - neural tube defects. spina bifida and anencephaly
62
environmental factors during pregnancy
* malnutrition - leading cause of abnormal development
* slow growth, mental retardation, reduce immunity
* cigarettes - slow growth, high heart rate, premature birth
* alcohol - slow growth
* X-rays
63
primitive reflexes
* disappear with age
* rooting - turning head to touch of cheek
* sucking and swallowing
* moro - abrupt movement of head causes flinging out arms and slowly retracting them and crying
* asymmetric response could mean neuromuscular problem
* babinski - toes spread apart when sole of foot stimulated
* grasping - close fingers around object
64
motor skill development
* same age and order therefore used to assess child
* uncoordinated movements lead to coordinated movements later
* gross motor skills - large muscles/whole body, sitting, crawling, walking
* fine motor skills - small muscles, specific and delicate, drawing, catching, waving
65
social development
* stranger anxiety - 7 months
* seperation anxiety - 12 months
* soliatry to onlooker play
* parallel play - 2 years
* gender identity - 3 years, gender psecific play, knows full name
* age 5 - conform to peers, romantic feelings
* 6-12 - same sex friend circles
* 13+ self sufficient and desire independence and rebell, cross gender friendship, sexual orientation and relationships
66
developmental milestones
* themes
* social - parental to self to others oriented
* language and motor skills become more complex
* begin very basic
* motor - head to toe and core to extremities
