ch 9 - vocabulary / terms

Question 1

adenosine triphosphate

Answer 1

• abbreviated ATP
• substance that provides energy to the cells and converts oxygen to carbon dioxide, a waste product we breathe out

Question 2

amino acid

Answer 2

organic acids that form the building blocks of protein

Question 3

arteriosclerosis

Answer 3

clogging and hardening of the arteries

Question 4

B vitamins

Answer 4

• these water-soluble vitamins interact with other water-soluble vitamins and act as coenzymes (catalysts) by facilitating enzymatic reactions
• include niacin, riboflavin, thiamine, pyridoxine, folacin, biotin, cobalamine, and pantothenic acid

Question 5

bioflavonoids

Answer 5

• biologically active flavonoids
• also called vitamin P
• considered an aid to healthy skin and found most abundantly in citrus fruits

Question 6

calories

Answer 6

• measure of heat units
• measures food energy for the body

Question 7

carbohydrates

Answer 7

• frequently called carbs
• compounds that break down the basic chemical sugars and supply energy for the body
• most important carbohydrate is glucose which provides the majority of the body’s energy

Question 8

cholesterol

Answer 8

• waxy substance found in your body that is needed to produce hormones, vitamin D, and bile
• important for protecting nerves and for the structure of cells

Question 9

complementary foods

Answer 9

• combinations of two incomplete foods
• complementary proteins eaten together provide all the essential amino acids and make a complete protein

Question 10

disaccharides

Answer 10

sugars made up of two simple sugars such as lactose and sucrose

Question 11

enzymes

Answer 11

catalysts that break down complex food molecules to utilize extracted energy

Question 12

fats

Answer 12

• aka. lipids
• macronutrients used to produce energy in the body
• the materials in the sebaceous glands that lubricate the skin

Question 13

fortified

Answer 13

• a vitamin has been added to a food product

Question 14

glycosaminoglycans

Answer 14

water-binding substance between the fibers of the dermis

Question 15

hypoglycemia

Answer 15

• condition in which blood glucose or blood sugar drops too low
• caused by either too much insulin or low food intake

Question 16

linoleic acid

Answer 16

• omega-6, an essential fatty acid used to make important hormones
• also part of the skin’s lipid barrier

Question 17

macronutrients

Answer 17

• nutrients that make up the largest part of the nutrition we take in
• the three basic food groups: protein, carbohydrates, and fats

Question 18

micronutrients

Answer 18

vitamins and substances that have no calories or nutritional value, yet are essential for body functions

Question 19

minerals

Answer 19

inorganic materials required for many reactions of the cells and body

Question 20

monosaccharides

Answer 20

carbohydrates made up of one basic sugar unit

Question 21

mucopolysaccharides

Answer 21

carbohydrate-lipid complexes that are also good water-binders

Question 22

nonessential amino acids

Answer 22

amino acids that can be synthesized by the body and do not have to be obtained from the diet

Question 23

omega-3 fatty acids

Answer 23

• alpha-linoleic acid
• a type of “good” polyunsaturated fat that may decrease cardiovascular diseases
• also an anti-inflammatory and beneficial for skin

Question 24

osteoporosis

Answer 24

• thinning of the bones, leaving them fragile and prone to fractures
• caused by the reabsorption of calcium into the blood

Question 25

polysaccharides

Answer 25

carbohydrates that contain three or more simple carbohydrate molecules

Question 26

proteins

Answer 26

chains of amino acid molecules used in all cell functions and body growth

Question 27

retinoic acid

Answer 27

- aka. Retin-A - vitamin A derivative that has demonstrated an ability to alter collagen synthesis and is used to treat acne and visible signs of aging - side effects are irritation, photosensitivity, skin dryness, redness, and peeling

Question 28

tretinoin

Answer 28

transretinoic acid, a derivative of vitamin A used for collagen synthesis, hyperpigmentation, and for acne

Question 29

vitamin A

Answer 29

- aka. retinol - antioxidant that aids in the functioning and repair of skin cells

Question 30

vitamin C

Answer 30

- aka. ascorbic acid - antioxidant vitamin needed for proper repair of the skin and tissues - promotes the production of collagen in the skin's dermal tissues - aids in and promotes the skin's healing process

Question 31

vitamin D

Answer 31

- fat-soluble vitamin sometimes called sunshine vitamin because the skin synthesizes vitamin D from cholesterol when exposed to sunlight - essential for growth and development

Question 32

vitamin E

Answer 32

- aka. tocopherol - primarily an antioxidant - helps protect the skin from the harmful effects of the sun's rays

Question 33

vitamin K

Answer 33

vitamin responsible for the synthesis of factors necessary for blood coagulation