CH EXCRETORY PRODUCTS AND THEIR ELIMINATION Flashcards
(108 cards)
1
Q
What are the two different kinds of nephron
A
- Cortical Nephron
- Juxtamedullary nephron
2
Q
Nephrons are also k/a
A
Uriniferous tubule
3
Q
What are the different major Nitrogenous waste
A
- Ammonia
- Urea
- Uric acid
4
Q
What are the different minor Nitrogenous waste
A
- Guanine
- TMAO
- Hippuric acid
- Ornithuric acid
- Creatinine
5
Q
TMAO stands for
A
Trimethyl Amine oxide
6
Q
What are the different types of kidneys on the basis of advancement
A
- Pronephric
- Mesonephric
- Metanephric
7
Q
Guanine is released by
A
Spiders and Penguins
8
Q
Kidney plays no role in which process
A
Ammonotelism
9
Q
Urea Cycle is also called
A
Krebs-Henseleit cycle / Ornithine cycle
10
Q
How many ATP are utilised in Urea Cycle
A
3 ATP - 2 ATP in mitochondria, 1 ATP in Cytoplasm
11
Q
Which is the most toxic and least toxic nitrogenous waste
A
Ammonia is the most toxic
Uric acid is the least toxic
12
Q
What is ammonotelism, Uricotelism and Ureotelism
A
1.The process of excretion of Ammonia is known as Ammonotelism
2. The process of release of Uric Acid is k/a Uricotelism
3. The process of release of Urea k/a Ureotelism
13
Q
Kidneys do not play a significant role in the removal of
A
Ammonia
14
Q
Bony Fishes are also k/a
A
Teleosts
15
Q
Urea is ________ times less toxic than ________
A
Urea is 100000 times less toxic than Ammonia
16
Q
Uric acid is formed by _______ in our body
A
Nucleic acid
17
Q
Name the Uricotelic Organism
A
Reptiles, Birds, land snails and insects
18
Q
What is the colour of kidneys
A
Reddish brown
19
Q
The kidney is situated between which vertebra
A
They are situated b/w 12th Thoracic Vertebra and 3rd Lumbar Vertebra
20
Q
pronephric kidneys are present in
A
fishes
20
Q
what kind of kidney is present in Amphibians
A
Mesonephric
21
Q
What are the three protective layers of the kidney - order from innermost to outermost
A
- Renal Capsule - innermost
- Adipose Capsule
- Renal Fascia - outermost
22
Q
The peritoneal cover is only present on the _____side. This arrangement is called ________
A
It is only present on the ventral side. This arrangement is called as Retroperitoneal arrangement
23
Q
What is the length of ureters
A
25-30 cm in length
24
The body of the urinary bladder has a triangular area k/a
Trigone
25
What are the steps to urine formation
There are 3 main processes to urine formation - Glomerular filtration, reabsorption and secretion
26
Excretory organ in Crustaceans like Prawns
Antennal gland or green gland
27
The excretory organ in most insects like cockroach
Malphigian tubule
28
Excretion of uric acid requires _______ loss of water
Minimal
29
Which excretory organ is a characteristics feature of only mammals
Urethra
30
The U shaped blood Vessel running parallel to Henles Loop is
Vasa Recta
31
What are the parts of nephron situated in the cortical region of kidney
Malpighian Corpuscle, PCT and DCT
32
What are the different constituents of Filtration Membrane
1. Fenestra of Glomerulus
2. Basement membrane
3. Podocytes of Visceral Layer
33
Bony Fishes are ______ animals
Ammonotelic
34
Marine cartilagenous fishes are also k/a
Elasmobranchs
35
Where does deamination and urea synthesis takes place
In the liver, as other parts of the body are only supplied with amount of nutrients that are required
36
What is the formula of Urea
H2NCONH2
37
Which enzyme is responsible for production of urea
Arginase enzyme
38
TMAO is released by
Marine Cartilagenous Fish also k/a Elasmobranchs
39
Renal Corpuscles are also k/a
and they comprise of
Renal Corpuscles are also k/a Malpighian Body and they comprise of Bowman Capsule and Glomerulus
40
Renal Tubules comprise of
PCT, Loop of henle and DCT
41
What is Hilum
It is the point or notch through which ureters, blood vessels and nerves enter the Kidney
42
Which part of the nephron is situated in the medulla and which is in cortex
Loop of Henle in the Medulla region.
Malpighian body, PCT and DCT are situated in the cortex
43
What is Renal Fascia made up of
It is a fibrous cover
44
What is adipose Capsule made up of
and what is its function
It is made up of Adipose tissue and acts as a shock absorber
45
What is Renal Capsule made up of
It is made up of White fibrous connective tissue
46
The kidney are fused with the body wall on ______ side
Dorsal
47
What are the two zones of Kidney
Outer Cortex and inner medulla
48
The renal pelvis is lined by
Transitional Epithelium
49
Transitional Epithelium is also k/a
Urothelium
50
The wall of ureters has __ coats. they are
The wall of ureters has 3 coats they are external adventitia, middle muscular and inner mucosa
51
The urethra in males is k/a
Urinogenital Duct
52
The muscles present in the middle muscular coat of urinary bladder are k/a
Detrusor Muscles
53
The branch of renal artery entering the glomerulus is k/a
Afferent arterioles
54
What are columns of Bertini
The cortex extends between the medullary pyramid as renal column and are k/a column of Bertini
55
How many nephrons are present in each kidney
There are 1 million nephrons in one kidney. Thus 2 million in both the kidney
56
What is the main function of cortical nephron
Urine Synthesis
57
What is the main function of Juxtamedullary nephron
It helps in Osmoregulation
58
PCT is lined by
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium with microvilli
59
The process of filteration of blood is carried out by
Glomerulus
60
How much blood is filtered by the kidney per minute
1100-1200 ml of blood i.e. 1/5th or 20% of the blood pumped out by each ventricle is pumped out by the kidney per minute
61
What are the different ways in which glomerular filtration is regulated
1. Myogenic Regulation
2. Juxtaglomerular Apparatus (JGA)
3. Neural Control
62
What is Glomerular Filteration rate
The volume of plasma that gets filtered from the glomerulus into the Bowmans Capsule per minute is k/a GFR = 125 ml per min
63
What are the different pressures exerted during glomerular Filtration
1. Glomerular Hydrostatic Pressure
2. Blood Colloidal Osmotic Pressure
3. Capsular Hydrostatic Pressure
64
What is the net pressure During Filtration
GHP - BCOP - CHP = 60-30-20 = 10
The Range is from 10-25 mm Hg
65
_____ percent of filtrate is reabsorbed by Renal Tubules
99%
66
What is the osmolarity at the bottom of the Loop of Henle
1200 mOsm/L
67
The magnitude of osmolarity in the cortex of the kidney is
300 mOsm/L
68
What is reabsorbed and secreted in the PCT
NaCl, H2O, K+, HCO3- and Nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood
and H+ and NH3 are secreted by the blood into PCT
69
In which organisms Tubular Secretion Occurs
Tubular Secretion occurs in amphibians as they lack well developed Bowmans Capsule
70
Reabsorption is minimum in _____
Ascending Loop of Henle
71
Which is the major site of reabsorption in nephron
PCT
72
The capability of concentrating the urine is largely related to
length of Loop of Henle
73
Urine is ____ times more concentrated than blood
4 times
73
_____ is/ are responsible to maintain the osmolarity
NaCl and Urea
74
The Juxtaglomerular apparatus is made up of
JG cells present in the AA and Macula Densa present in the DCT
75
DCT performs conditional reabsorption of
H2O, Na+, HCO3-
76
Counter current mechanism works between
Loop of Henle and Vasa Recta
77
ADH stands for _______. It is also k/a
ADH stands for anti diuretic Hormone, also k/a Vasopressin
78
_____ secrets ADH and it is release by
Hypothalamus secretes Vasopressin and it is released by posterior lobe of pituitary gland
79
The JG cells Secrete
Renin
80
ACE stands for
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme
81
What is Dieuresis
Excessive water loss from Urine
82
RAAS stands for
Renin Angiotensin aldestrone system
83
________ opposes the functioning of RAAS
ANF - Atrial Natriuretic Factor
84
Diabetes Insipidus is caused by __
Undersecretion of ADH
85
Excessive thirst is k/a
Polydipsia
86
Excessive Diuresis is k/a
Polyurea
87
Glucose in urine
Glycosuria or Glucosuria
88
Excessive Ketone bodies in Urine
Ketonuria
89
_____ pigment provides color to Urine
Urochrome
90
What is Micturition
The process of release of urine is called Micturition
91
The neural mechanism causing Micturitio is called
Micturition reflex
92
What is the pH of urine
Urine is slightly acidic in pH - 6.0
93
Sweat is released by which gland
Sudorific Gland
94
What is the metabolic waste of lungs
Lungs release CO2 and significant amounts of H2O everyday
95
What is Uremia
The accumulation of urea in blood is k/a Uremia
96
What is Glomerulonephritis? It is also k/a
Inflammation of glomerulus and nephrons is k/a Glomerulonephritis. It is also k/a Bright's disease
97
What are the contents of Sweat
Sweat contains NaCl, small amount of Urea, Lactic Acid, glucose and Amino acid
98
What is eliminated by the sabaceous gland
Sabaceous glands help in elimination of substances like sterols, hydrocarbons and waxes through sebum
99
Liver is the site of elimination of
Cholestrol, bile pigments, degraded steroid hormone, some vitamins and many drugs
100
What are the indicative of Diabetes mellitus
Glycosuria i.e. presence of glucose in urine and Ketonuria i.e. presence of ketone bodies in urine are indicative of diabetes mellitus
101
What are Diuretics? Give a few examples
Diuretics are medication or compound that increase the amount of water expelled from the body in the form of urine. Tea, coffee and alcohol are natural diuretics
102
In which conditions JG cells activate
JG cells activate when there is low blood volume, Low Blood Pressure, Low Glomerular Filtration rate
103
Angiotensin II sends signal to
Angiotensin II
1. Sends signal to efferent arterioles for Constricton
2. Signal to PCT for Water and Na+ absorption
3. Sends signal to Adrenal Cortex which releases Aldosterone that signals to DCT for absorption of Na+, that leads to water absorption
104
Angiotensinogen is secreted by
Liver
105
ANF is secreted by
Atria of the heart
106
how many gm of Urea does our Urine contain
1to 1.5 L of Urine contains 25-39 gm of Urea
