CH1

Question 1

define the mind

Answer 1

The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning

Question 2

define how the mind operates

Answer 2

The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals

Question 3

what is cognitive psychology about?

Answer 3

cognitive psychology is the study of mental processes, which includes determining the characteristics and properties of the mind and how it operates

Question 4

when was the term cognitive psychology coined?

Answer 4

1967

Question 5

what is reaction time?

Answer 5

how long it takes to respond to presentation of a stimulus

Question 6

what extremely significant thing did Donder’s experiment illustrate about studying the mind?

Answer 6

Mental responses (perceiving the light
and deciding which button to push, in this example) cannot be measured directly, but must be inferred from behavior

Question 6

what are the two measure of reaction time in Donders’s experiment?

Answer 6

simple reaction time and choice reaction time

Question 7

what was wundt’s approach to psychology? and what did he want to do with it

Answer 7

structuralism and he wanted to make a periodic table of the mind with sensations that are basic elements of experience?

Question 8

structuralists call these the basic elements of experience

Answer 8

sensations

Question 9

this term refers to a technique in which trained participants described
their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli

Answer 9

analytic introspection

Question 10

what was Ebbinghaus’s experiment about?

Answer 10

it was about determining the nature of memory and forgetting, specifically about how rapidly information learned was lost over time

Question 11

what was Ebbinghaus’ measure for determining how much was forgotten after a delay?

Answer 11

savings

Question 12

what were the results of Ebbinghaus’ experiment?

Answer 12

he discovered that forgetting occurs rapidly
in the first 1 to 2 days after
original learning

Question 12

who founded behaviorism?

Answer 12

John Watson

Question 13

what were watson’s problems with analytic introspection?

Answer 13

1. the results extremely vary from person to person
2. the results are also difficult to verify because they were interpreted in terms of invisible mental processess

Question 14

what is classical conditioning?

Answer 14

pairing one stimulus with another previously neutral stimulus

Question 14

what is operant conditioning?

Answer 14

operant conditioning focused on how behavior is strengthened by the presentation of positive reinforcers, such as food or social approval

Question 15

what was Tolman’s experiment about?

Answer 15

tolman had a rat maze and placed food at the right then when he removed it and placed it at the left, when the rat didnt see the food at the right it went left due to its development of a cognitive map

Question 16

what was the cognitive revolution about?

Answer 16

cognitive revolution was —a shift in psychology from the behaviorist’s focus on stimulus–response relationships to an approach whose main thrust was to understand the operation of the mind

Question 17

this term refers to a shift from one paradigm to another

Answer 17

scientific revolution

Question 18

what is a paradigm?

Answer 18

a paradigm is a system of ideas that dominate science at a particular time

Question 19

this term refers to an approach that traces sequences of mental operations involved in cognition

Answer 19

information-processing approach

Question 20

what does the information-processing approach say about the mind?

Answer 20

According to the information-processing approach, the operation of the mind can be described as occurring in a number of stages

Question 21

who proposed the first flow diagram of the mind?

Answer 21

British Psychologist, Donald Broadbent

Question 22

this term refers to the approach of making a machine behave in ways that would be called intelligent if a human were so behaving John McCarthy

Answer 22

artificial intelligent approach

Question 22

why was Broadbent's flow diagram important?

Answer 22

Broadbent’s flow diagram provided a way to analyze the operation of the mind in terms of a sequence of processing stages and proposed a model that could be tested by further experiments

Question 23

what did Neisser write in the first book about cognitive psychology?

Answer 23

mostly about vision and hearing and intake of information and holding information for brief periods of time but higher mental processes like thinking, problem solving, an long-term remembering weren't given much attention in the book due to how they just didn't know much about it

Question 24

what are the two gaps of coverage in neisser's book?

Answer 24

1. the complete absence of physiology 2. higher mental processes like thinking, problem solving, and long-term remembering

Question 24

describe Atkinson and Shiffrin's model of memory

Answer 24

the model pictures the flow of information in the memory system as progressing through 3 stages 1. sensory memory 2. short-term memory 3. long-term memory

Question 25

this term refers to a type of memory that holds incoming information for a fraction of a second and then passes most of this information to ________ memory

Answer 25

sensory memory

Question 25

what is episodic memory for?

Answer 25

Episodic memory is memory for events in your life (like what you did last weekend)

Question 26

this term refers to a type of memory that can be considered a high-capacity system that can hold information for long periods of time (like your memory of what you did last weekend, or the capitals of states)

Answer 26

long-term memory

Question 26

this term refers to a type of memory which has limited capacity and holds information for seconds (like an address you are trying to remember until you can write it down)

Answer 26

short-term memory

Question 27

what is semantic memory for?

Answer 27

Semantic memory is memory for facts (such as the capitals of the states)

Question 27

what is procedural memory for?

Answer 27

Procedural memory is memory for physical actions (such as how to ride a bike or play the piano)

Question 28

what were the two dominating physiological techniques?

Answer 28

neuropsychology and electrophysiology

Question 29

this term refers to the study of the behavior of people with brain damage

Answer 29

neuropsychology

Question 30

this term refers to the technique of measuring electrical responses of the nervous system and made it possible to listen to the activity of single neurons

Answer 30

electrophysiology

Question 31

this term refers to the procedure that made it possible to see which areas of the human brain are activated during cognitive activity

Answer 31

positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 32

what does fMRI mean?

Answer 32

fMRI means functional magnetic resonance imaging and is a procedure that does not involve radioactive tracers and which was capable of higher resolution unlike PET

Question 33

what was Palmer's experiment about?

Answer 33

a context scene was flashed and Palmer asked the observers to identify the object in the target picture and the observers used their knowledge of objects that are likely to be found in kitchens to help them perceive the briefly flashed loaf of bread.

Question 34

What was the point of the opening story about Sam?

Answer 34

the point the opening story about Sam tries to make is that the mind is hidden from view and that the normal mind has a lot going on in the background

Question 35

What are two ways of defining the mind?

Answer 35

1. The mind creates and controls mental functions such as perception, attention, memory, emotions, language, deciding, thinking, and reasoning 2. The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals.

Question 36

Who founded the first laboratory of scientific psychology? Describe the method of analytic introspection that was used in this laboratory.

Answer 36

1. Wilhelm Wundt

Question 37

What method did William James use to study the mind?

Answer 37

reported observations of his own mind

Question 38

Describe the rise of behaviorism, especially the influence of Watson and Skinner. How did behaviorism affect research on the mind?

Answer 38

more on stimulus-to-stimulus relationship research

Question 39

How did Edward Tolman deviate from strict behaviorism?

Answer 39

cognitive map

Question 40

What did Noam Chomsky say about Skinner’s book Verbal Behavior, and what effect did that have on behaviorism?

Answer 40

it was about how language is not determined by conditioning but inborn biological program and this led to reconsideration of the once famous idea that almost all behaviors can be explained with operant conditioning

Question 41

who proposed the first flow diagram of the mind?

Answer 41

Donald Broadbent

Question 42

created by Herb Simon and Alan Newell was able to create proofs of mathematical theorems that involve principles of logic. This program, was a real “thinking machine” because it used humanlike reasoning processes to solve problems.

Answer 42

logic theorist program