CH2

Question 1

this term refers to the study of the physiological basis of cognition

Answer 1

cognitive neuroscience

Question 2

this term refers to the idea that a topic can be studied in a number of different ways, with each approach contributing its own dimension to our understanding

Answer 2

levels of analysis

Question 3

what are the two types of electrodes that were used?

Answer 3

recording electrode and reference electrode

Question 3

this term refers to the idea that individual cells transmit signals in the nervous system, and that these cells are not continuous with other cells as proposed by nerve net theory.

Answer 3

neuron doctrine

Question 4

give an example of ‘levels of analysis’

Answer 4

so in the context of a car you can learn different but also similar things when looking at a car’s performance and what’s happening inside the car just like behavior.

to full understand a phenomenon, it is necessary that is studied at different levels of analysis

Question 5

what does the nerve net theory propose?

Answer 5

Nerve net theory proposed that signals could be transmitted throughout the
net in all directions

Question 6

this part of the neuron is the metabolic center of the neuron and contains mechanisms to keep the cell alive

Answer 6

cell body

Question 6

what were the two techniques that Spanish physiologist Ramon y Cajal used to investigate the nature of the nerve net?

Answer 6

1. Golgi stain - thin slice of brain tissue is immersed in silver nitrate
2. studied the tissues from the brain of newborn animals due to small density

Question 7

what is the purpose of axons?

Answer 7

they transmit signals to other neurons

Question 7

what is the resting potential?

Answer 7

-70mv

Question 8

what is the purpose of dendrites?

Answer 8

to receive signals from other neuron

Question 8

what is the experience-dependent plasticity?

Answer 8

a phenomenon in hich the structure of the brain is changed by experience

Question 8

this principle states that everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system

Answer 8

principle of neural representation

Question 9

this term refers to what Edgar Adrian used to record electrical signals from a single neuron

small shafts of hollow glass filled with a conductive salt solution that can pick up electrical signals at the electrode tip and conduct these signals back to a recording device.

Answer 9

microelectrodes

Question 10

what is the charge inside the axon when a nerve impulse is transmitted down it? and what is it called

Answer 10

+40mv and it is called the action potential

Question 10

what are feature detectors?

Answer 10

neurons that only respond to a specific type of stimulation or stimulus eatures like orientation, movement, and length

Question 11

what are the two key facts that were discovered when researchers began recording from neurons in areas outside the primary visual area

Answer 11

1. Many neurons at higher levels of the visual system fire to complex stimuli like geometrical patterns and faces
2. a specific stimulus causes neural firing that is distributed across many areas of the cortex

Question 12

whose experiment contained the phenomenon called experience-dependent plasticity?

Answer 12

Blakemoore and Cooper’s selective rearing experiments

Question 12

what is hierarchical processing?

Answer 12

the progression from lower to higher areas of the brain

example: neuron in visual cortex respond to simple stimuli like bars then neurons in the temporal lobe respond to complex geometrical stimuli then another area of the temporal lobe responds to faces

Question 12

what is the problem of sensory coding?

Answer 12

this refers to the problem of neural representation where the sensory code refers to how neurons represent various characteristics of
the environment.

Question 12

this term refers to the idea that an object could be represented
by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to
that object

Answer 12

specificity coding

Question 13

what is population coding?

Answer 13

Population coding is the representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons

according to this idea, faces are each represented by a different pattern

Question 14

what is sparse coding?

Answer 14

Sparse coding occurs when a particular object is represented by a pattern of firing of
only a small group of neurons, with the majority of neurons remaining silent

according to this idea, faces would be represented by a few neurons and overlap with each other

Question 15

what is specificity coding?

Answer 15

the idea that an object could be represented
by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to
that object

example: only specific neurons respond to specific faces

neuron 1 - me
neuron 2 - vonn
neuron 3 - mar

Question 16

How is neural representation for memory different from neural representation for perception? How is it similar?

Answer 16

difference: the neural firing for perception is associated in the present while for memory it is associated with information about the past similarity: the basic principles for population and sparse coding are likely to also operate for memory

Question 16

Describe the research that led Cajal to propose the neuron doctrine.

Answer 16

he was investigating the nature of the nerve net and then discovered that the nerve net as not continuous but was made up of individual units which were neurons were the basic building blocks of the brain

Question 17

this term refers to one of the basic principles of brain organization that states that specific functions are served by specific areas of the brain

Answer 17

localization of function

Question 18

this term refers to the idea that the brain operated as an indivisible whole as opposed to specialized areas

Answer 18

cortical equipotentiality

Question 19

what is Broca's area?

Answer 19

an area in the frontal lobe that was named such due to published work by Paul Broca about the study of patients who had suffered brain damage due to strokes that disrupted the flow of blood to the brain

Question 20

this term refers to the slow, labored, and ungrammatical speech caused by damage to Broca's area

Answer 20

Broca's aphasia

Question 21

what is aphasia?

Answer 21

aphasia is a language disorder that affects how you communicate

Question 22

this term refers to a problem associated with damage in their temporal lobe that would render their speech as fluent and grammatically correct but also tended to be incoherent.

Answer 22

wernicke's aphasia

Question 23

what is the similarity and difference between broca's and wernicke's aphasia?

Answer 23

similarity: inability to match words with their meanings difference: the defining characteristic of Wernicke’s aphasia is the absence of normal grammar

Question 23

where is the visual cortex located?

Answer 23

occipital lobe

Question 23

what lobe is responsible for perceptions of touch, pressure, and pain?

Answer 23

parietal lobe (somatosensory cortex)

Question 23

this lobe receives signals from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions like thinking and problem solving.

Answer 23

frontal lobe

Question 24

what is prosopagnosia? and where is the damage in?

Answer 24

prosopagnosia is an inability to recognize faces and is damage to the temporal lobe on the lower-right side of the brain

Question 24

this occurs if damage to one area of the brain causes function A to be absent while function B is present, and damage to another area causes function B to be absent while function A is present.

Answer 24

double dissociation

Question 25

how does fMRI work?

Answer 25

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) takes advantage of the fact that neural activity causes the brain to bring in more oxygen, which binds to hemoglobin molecules in the blood. This added oxygen increases the magnetic properties of the hemoglobin, so when a magnetic field is presented to the brain, these more highly oxygenated hemoglobin molecules respond more strongly to the magnetic field and cause an increase in the fMRI signal.

Question 26

what is the FFA?

Answer 26

the fusiform face area (FFA) is located in the fusiform gyrus on the underside of the temporal lobe that is the same part of the brain that is damaged in cases of prosopagnosia

Question 27

what activates the parahippocampal place area (PPA)?

Answer 27

what is important for this area is information about spatial layout, because increased activation occurs when viewing pictures both of empty rooms and of rooms that are completely furnished

Question 27

what activates the extrastriate body area (EBA)?

Answer 27

the extrastriate body area (EBA) is activated by pictures of bodies and parts of bodies (but not by faces)

Question 27

how is Huth et al's experiment results paradoxical with earlier research about specific areas of the brain responsible for the perception of different types of stimuli?

Answer 27

even though there is a great deal of evidence for localization of function, we need to consider the brain as a whole in order to understand the physiological basis of cognition.

Question 27

what is a central principle of cognition?

Answer 27

most of our experience is MULTIDIMENSIONAL. That is, even simple experiences involve combinations of different qualities. Consider, for example, looking at a person’s face.

Question 27

what are two examples of distributed neural representation?

Answer 27

remembering and producing and understanding language

Question 28

this term refers to the interconnected areas of the brain that can communicate with each other

Answer 28

neural networks

Question 28

what is distributed representation?

Answer 28

distributed representation is the fact that looking at a face activates many areas of the brain

Question 29

what are the four principals of the properties of neural networks?

Answer 29

1. There are complex structural pathways called networks that form the brain’s information highway. 2. Within these structural pathways there are functional pathways that serve different functions. 3. These networks operate dynamically, mirroring the dynamic nature of cognition. 4. There is a resting state of brain activity, so parts of the brain are active all the time, even when there is no cognitive activity

Question 29

this term refers to the brain’s “wiring diagram” created by nerve axons that connect different brain areas

Answer 29

structural connectivity

Question 30

this technique for extensive mapping of the brain is based on detection of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers

Answer 30

track-weighted imaging

Question 30

what is structural connectivity and functional connectivity in simple terms?

Answer 30

structural connectivity - roadmap of the brain functional connectivity - traffic pattern of the brain

Question 31

this term indicates the structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain or more simply, the “wiring diagram” of neurons in the brain

Answer 31

connectome

Question 32

this term refers to the network of structures that respond when a person is not involved in specific tasks

Answer 32

default mode network

Question 32

How is functional connectivity measured?

Answer 32

resting-state functional connectivity is used to measure it and it was based on resting-state fMRI

Question 33

How is structural connectivity measured?

Answer 33

track-weighted imaging

Question 33

What does it mean to say that the operation of brain networks is dynamic?

Answer 33

it is constantly active and changing

Question 34

Describe the connection between advances in technology and research on the physiology of cognition.

Answer 34

better technology means more fruitful research on neurons and stuff

Question 35

what are the three basic questions that can help understand the physiology of cognition's dependency on technological advancements

Answer 35

repre question - How are cognitions represented by neural firing? org question - How are cognitions localized in different areas of the brain? comm question - How are different areas of the brain connected and how do they communicate?

Question 36

this Italian anatomist developed a staining technique in which a thin slice of brain tissue was immersed in a solution of silver nitrate

Answer 36

Camillo Golgi

Question 37

this Spanish physiologist discovered that individual units called neurons were the basic building blocks of the brain

Answer 37

Ramon y Cajal

Question 38

who was able to record electrical signals from single sensory neurons, an achievement for which he was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1932

Answer 38

Edgar Adrian

Question 39

this principle states that everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person’s nervous system

Answer 39

principle of neural representation

Question 40

is a region in the brain that controls speech production and comprehension

Answer 40

Broca's Area

Question 41

is a part of the brain that is responsible for understanding written and spoken language

Answer 41

Wernicke's Area

Question 42

to indicate the “structural description of the network of elements and connections forming the human brain” or more simply, the “wiring diagram” of neurons in the brain

Answer 42

CONNECTOME