Ch.1 Research Method

Question 0

Scientific Observation

Answer 0

Gathering evidence from direct observation. Systematically/carefully planned. Inter subjective - confirmed by more than one observer

Question 1

Define Psychology

Answer 1

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Question 2

Define Research Method

Answer 2

A systematic approach to answering scientific questions

Question 3

Define Description

Answer 3

Naming or classifying, in scientific research

Question 4

Define Understanding

Answer 4

When we can state the causes of behavior

Question 5

Define Prediction

Answer 5

The ability to forecast behavior accurately

Question 6

Define Control

Answer 6

The ability to alter the condition(s) that affect behavior

Question 7

Define Critical Thinking

Answer 7

A type of reflection involving support of beliefs through scientific explanation and observation

Question 8

Define Structuralism

Answer 8

The school of thought concerned with analyzing sensations and personal experiences into basic elements

Question 9

Define Functionalism

Answer 9

The school of psychology concerned with how behavior and mental abilities help people adapt to their environment

Question 10

Behaviorism

Answer 10

Definition: The study of over, observable behavior. Shaped & controlled by one’s environment.

Focuses on idea that people have issues today, due/learned from their environment.
Don’t believe in unconscious.
“If you’re depressed today, you learned it from your environment.”

Question 11

Cognitive Behaviorism

Answer 11

Definition: a thought

Not learned from environment (difference with behaviorism), its the way you think/interpret about things (today)

Question 12

Who/What is Gestalt?

Answer 12

A psychologist. Studied thinking, learning, and perception as whole units, not by analyzing experiences into parts.

Question 13

Psychoanalytic

Answer 13

Definition: a psychologist who has training in Freudian.

*Sigmund Freud

Believed the reason why people have issues today, due to unconscious (area of the mind outside of personal awareness) conflicts/memories

Psychologist or Psychiatrist

Does PSYCHOANALYSIS (treatment) type of therapy, talking

Tested by dreams/dreaming

Question 14

Biopsychologists

Answer 14

Deal with/study hormonal changes, chemical imbalances, the nervous system, the brain

Treated medically, with meds

Question 15

Humanistic

Answer 15

Aka “Humanism”
Definition: view focuses on subjective human experience, problems, potentials, and ideals

Believe YOU are in control

FREE WILL - ability to make voluntary choices

Question 16

Define Positive Psychology

Answer 16

The study of human strengths, virtues, and optimal behavior

Question 17

What is an MFT?

Answer 17

Marriage and Family Therapist

Question 18

What is a Psychologist?

Answer 18

A person highly trained in the methods, factual knowledge, and theories of psychology

Question 19

What is LCSW?

Answer 19

a Licensed Clinical Social Worker

Question 20

Is it necessary for a psychologist to get/have a PhD?

Answer 20

No. They are and/or can be Licensed

Question 21

What is the difference between a Psychologist and Psychiatrist?

Answer 21

Psychologists: see the solution. Talking is the/their cure

Psychiatrist: are medical doctors, treat chemical balance/mental disorders w/ medication or psychotherapy.

*chemicals also get affected by having hope, faith, optimism

Question 22

Define Scientific Method

Answer 22

A form of critical thinking based on careful measurement and controlled observations

Has 5 steps

Question 23

Define a Hypothesis

Answer 23

An educated guess, prediction/guess how the experiment will turn out

Question 24

Define Observer Effect

Answer 24

Refers to change in a subject's behavior caused by an awareness of being observed.

Question 25

Define Observer Bias

Answer 25

Observers see what they expect to see or record only selected details. Done by observing your own research

Question 26

Who is Rosenthal and what did he do?

Answer 26

A psychologist. Believes/Experiments how expectations influence people Class experiment

Question 27

Define Self-fulfilling prophecy (related to Rosenthal)

Answer 27

A prediction that prompts people to act in ways that make the prediction come true

Question 28

Who is Rosehan and what did he do?

Answer 28

Psychologist. Believed/perceived expectations influence perception. Mental hospital experiment

Question 29

What is a Correlational study?

Answer 29

Testing the relationship between two variable (are these variables related to each other?) *Does not figure out cause and effect. Just relation between variables.

Question 30

Correlational Methods

Answer 30

Tells you straight and nature between two variables Nature refers to positive/negative correlation The higher the number the higher the correlation (relation) (.8 - 1.00 = strong) (Correlation represented by "r")

Question 31

Define Correlation coefficients

Answer 31

The expression of the strength and direction of a relationship of a correlation (positive or negative +/-)

Question 32

Define Positive Correlation

Answer 32

The higher you score in one variable, the higher you score on the other variable

Question 33

Define Negative Correlation

Answer 33

The higher you score in one variable, the lower you score on the other variable

Question 34

Define Experimental Studies/Methods

Answer 34

Ability to draw conclusions about cause and effect

Question 35

What is an Independent Variable and what type of study/method is it related to?

Answer 35

Condition(s) altered/changed/varied by experimenter, who sets their size, amount, or value. Suspected to cause difference in behavior. Experimental Study/Method

Question 36

What is a Dependent Variable and what type of study/method is it related to?

Answer 36

It MEASURES the results of the experiment. Experimental Study/Method

Question 37

What is an Extraneous Variable and what type of study/method is it related to?

Answer 37

Condition(s) that a researcher wishes to prevent from affecting the outcome of the experiment. Outside variables, have to be the same in both groups (ex. classroom - teacher) Experimental Study/Method

Question 38

Define Experimental Group

Answer 38

Group of subjects exposed to the independent variable or experimental condition. Gets the independent variable.

Question 39

Define Control Group

Answer 39

Group of subjects exposed to all experimental condition(s) or variable(s) except the independent variable

Question 40

Define Random Assignment

Answer 40

The use of chance to assign subjects to experimental and control groups (ex. flipping a coin, counting off "1, 2, 1, 2..")

Question 41

Define Statistical Signficance

Answer 41

Experimental results that would rarely occur by change alone. Results "due to independent variable" Results in levels of .05 or .01 = 95% or 99%, so to say that with 95 or 99% CERTAINTY, the difference in scores between groups is due to the independent variable.

Question 42

Define Placebo Effect

Answer 42

Works through the power of suggestion/implication. Frequently used in meds, "fake pill."

Question 43

What is a Double Blind Experiment?

Answer 43

When subjects and experimenter(s) don't know who/if in which group - experimental/control.

Question 44

What is an Active Placebo?

Answer 44

Placebo that produces the same (side) affects as given/actual meds/substance

Question 45

What is an Inactive Placebo?

Answer 45

Placebo that does not produce any (side) affects

Question 46

Who is Milgram?

Answer 46

A psychologist that experimented on obedience and authority. Electric shock experiment

Question 47

Who is Asch?

Answer 47

Experiment on "group pressures"