Ch.6 (7) Conditioning & Learning

Question 1

Define Reinforcement

Answer 1

Some procedure that will increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring

Question 2

Name Two Ways of Learning

Answer 2

Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Question 3

Define Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

Interested in what happens before a response is made, the associations made

Question 4

Who was Classical Conditioning created by?

Answer 4

Pavlov

Question 5

Define an Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

Will lead to an unconditioned response (reflex reaction)

Question 6

Define an Unconditioned Response

Answer 6

An unlearned stimulus (ex. Pavlov’s experiment, the salivation due to the meat)

Question 7

Define a Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 7

Leads to a conditioned response (ex. Pavlov’s experiment, THE BELL, along with showing the meat/food- leading to a conditioned response)

Question 8

Define a Conditioned Response by example (Pavlov’s experiment)

Answer 8

The salivating after hearing the bell

Question 9

State an exception/necessitiy for a Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 9

The stimulus must be presented first or right before the unconditioned stimulus, no more than 45 seconds

Question 10

Define Contiguity in both actual and in the definition of Classical Conditioning

Answer 10

Defined as the nearness in time and space meaning the CS (Conditioned Stimulus) has to occur right before the US (Unconditioned Stimulus)

Question 11

Define Higher Order Learning

Answer 11

When you introduce another CS

Question 12

Define Extinction

Answer 12

When the behavior becomes extinct, or stops.

Question 13

What is done to create Extinction?

Answer 13

The US has to be withheld

Question 14

Define Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 14

After a brief extinction period, when you reintroduce the CS leading to a CR (Conditioned Response)

Question 15

Define Stimulus Generalization

Answer 15

If there’s a stimuli that’s similar, there will be a (the same) response

Question 16

Define Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 16

Refers to the ability to tell the difference between the (range of) stimuli

Question 17

Define Vicarious Learning

Answer 17

Learning through the actions of others

Question 18

Define Operant Conditioning

Answer 18

Interested in what happens AFTER a response is made

Question 19

Explain the difference between Classical Conditioning and Operant Conditioning

Answer 19

Classical conditioning is interested in what happens BEFORE a response, and Operant Conditioning is interested in what happens AFTER a response is made

Question 20

Define Positive Reinforcement

Answer 20

When you provide this, you are providing something that is appealing to another/others

Question 21

Define Negative Reinforcement

Answer 21

When you/someone provides this, it will increase the likelihood of a behavior occurring by avoiding something unpleasant

Question 22

Provide an example of Positive Reinforcement

Answer 22

Giving candy or money if/when you participate in class

Question 23

Provide an example of Negative Reinforcement

Answer 23

Taking points off or staying longer in class if/when not participating in class

Question 24

Define Punishment

Answer 24

When you provide this, you are decreasing the likelihood of a behavior occurring

Question 25

Provide an example of Punishment

Answer 25

Timeout for kids

Question 26

What is the difference between Negative Reinforcement and Punishment

Answer 26

Unlike Punishment, in Negative Reinforcement you have the ability to turn things around, avoid unpleasant, and increase a type of behavior Unlike Negative Reinforcement, in Punishment there is no turning things around or changing things, and/or no reward

Question 27

Provide an example of Shaping

Answer 27

Potting training kids (with praise)

Question 28

What are the types of Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 28

1. Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | 2. Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Question 29

Define Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 29

The reward follows every correct response

Question 30

Define Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 30

when the reward does not follow every correct response

Question 31

What is a characteristic/difference in Partial Reinforcement Schedule in comparison to Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?

Answer 31

Partial Reinforcement Schedule is more resistant in extinction (or harder to stop) than Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Question 32

Name the different types of Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 32

1. Fixed Ratio 2. Variable Ratio 3. Fixed Interval 4. Variable Interval

Question 33

Define a Fixed Ratio

Answer 33

The ratio of rewards to responses is set/fixed | For example, every 8th time.. every 3rd, 5th time you will get a reward

Question 34

Define Shaping

Answer 34

When you shape a behavior, you reward the behavior in small, incremental steps

Question 35

Provide an example of Shaping

Answer 35

Potting training kids (with praise)

Question 36

What are the types of Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 36

1. Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | 2. Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Question 37

Define Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 37

The reward follows every correct response

Question 38

Define Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 38

When the reward does not follow every correct response

Question 39

What is a characteristic/difference in Partial Reinforcement Schedule in comparison to Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?

Answer 39

Partial Reinforcement Schedule is more resistant in extinction (or harder to stop) than Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Question 40

Name the different types of Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 40

1. Fixed Ratio 2. Variable Ratio 3. Fixed Interval 4. Variable Interval

Question 41

Define a Fixed Ratio

Answer 41

The ratio of rewards to responses is set/fixed | For example, every 8th time.. every 3rd, 5th time you will get a reward

Question 42

Define a Variable Ratio

Answer 42

It is NOT set/fixed Variable means varies ("the average, approximately")

Question 43

Define Fixed Interval

Answer 43

The ratio of rewards to TIME is set/fixed Example - payday Interval means passage of time

Question 44

Define Variable Interval

Answer 44

The ratio of rewards to TIME is NOT set/fixed | Interval means passage of time

Question 45

Define Shaping

Answer 45

when you shape a behavior, you reward the behavior in small, incremental steps

Question 45

Define a Fixed Ratio

Answer 45

the ratio of rewards to responses is set/fixed | For example, every 8th time.. every 3rd, 5th time you will get a reward

Question 45

Provide an example of Shaping

Answer 45

Potting training kids (with praise)

Question 45

What are the types of Schedules of Reinforcement

Answer 45

1. Continuous Reinforcement Schedule | 2. Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Question 45

Define a Fixed Ratio

Answer 45

The ratio of rewards to responses is set/fixed | For example, every 8th time.. every 3rd, 5th time you will get a reward

Question 45

Define Fixed Interval

Answer 45

The ratio of rewards to TIME is set/fixed Example - payday Interval means passage of time

Question 45

What is a characteristic/difference in Partial Reinforcement Schedule in comparison to Continuous Reinforcement Schedule?

Answer 45

Partial Reinforcement Schedule is more resistant in extinction (or harder to stop) than Continuous Reinforcement Schedule

Question 45

Name the different types of Partial Reinforcement Schedule

Answer 45

1. Fixed Ratio 2. Variable Ratio 3. Fixed Interval 4. Variable Interval

Question 52

Define Observational/Vicarious Learning

Answer 52

When you learn through the actions of others

Question 53

Define Superstitious Behavior

Answer 53

A behavior repeated because it seem to produce reinforcement, even though it is actually unnecessary

Question 54

Define Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 54

A rule or plan for determining which responses will be reinforced