Ch.7 (8) Memory

Question 1

Define STM (Short Term Memory)

Answer 1

Holds 7 bits of info such as a phone number, 7 digits. It is easily interrupted by distraction

Question 2

Define LTM (Long Term Memory)

Answer 2

Repetition

Question 3

Define Chunking

Answer 3

Recode info into a larger unit

Question 4

Define Redintegration (Memory)

Answer 4

When one memory makes you think of another memory (or something else), then makes you think of another memory/thing - one memory touches off another

Question 5

Define Procedural Memory

Answer 5

Skill memory, like learning how to ride a bike

Question 6

Define Declarative Memory

Answer 6

Stores factual info, like knowing the first president

Question 7

Name the memories within the Declarative memory

Answer 7

Semantic memory and Episodic memory

Question 8

Define Episodic Memory

Answer 8

Personal memory (remembering your first date)

Question 9

Define Semantic Memory

Answer 9

Names of object (days of the week, months, in the year)

Question 10

Name different ways of Measuring Memory

Answer 10

Recall, Recognition, and Relearning

Question 11

Define Recall

Answer 11

Remembering (past) info

From the book: to supply or reproduce memorized info with a minimum of external cues

Question 12

Define Recognition

Answer 12

Don’t know how to know the info, but have to recognize/identify it (easier test than a recall test)
From the book: an ability to correctly identify previously learned info

Question 13

Define Relearning

Answer 13

You relearn an item quicker than a new item (reading the chapter before class/studying)
From the book: learning again something that was previously learned. Used to measure memory of prior learning.

Question 14

Define Serial Position Effect*

Answer 14

When we tend to recall/remember first and last bits of info and forget the bits of info in the middle

Question 15

Define Explicit Memory

Answer 15

A memory that a person is aware of having; a memory that is consciously received

Question 16

Define Implicit Memory

Answer 16

A memory that a person does not know exists; a memory that is retrieved unconsciously

Question 17

Define Not Encoded

Answer 17

Reason why we forget, irrelevant info

Question 18

Define (Memory) Decay

Answer 18

If the info is not used, it is lost. The fading or weakening of memories assumed to occur when memory traces become weaker

Question 19

Define Sensory Memory

Answer 19

Part of the memory that holds the exact copy of what you see or hear. If you pay attention to that, it will make it to your STM

Question 20

Define Cue Dependent Forgetting

Answer 20

When people sometimes forget because the cues that were present when learning that info, were not present when trying to retrieve the info or remembering (a type of association)

Question 21

Define State Dependent Forgetting

Answer 21

When people tend to forget info if they’re not in the same physical or psychological state as when they learned the info

Question 22

Define Interference

Answer 22

Trying to learn something new, but whatever is in your head is interfering with learning the new stuff. Tendency for either new learning or old learning, that gets in the way of remembering info

Question 23

Define Retroactive (Interference)

Answer 23

When new learning interferes with remembering old info

Question 24

Define Proactive (Interference)

Answer 24

When old learning (what’s already in your head) interferes with learning something new/new info

Question 25

Define Repression

Answer 25

When you unconsciously block a (painful) memory

Question 26

Define Suppression

Answer 26

When you consciously choose to forget something

Question 27

Explain the difference between Repression and Suppression

Answer 27

Repression is done UN-Consciouly, while Suppression is done CONSCIOUSLY

Question 28

Define Consolidation

Answer 28

When info goes from your STM to your LTM (the process of it)

Question 29

How is Consolidation done?

Answer 29

By repetition

Question 30

What is the Hippocampus responsible for?

Answer 30

It is part of the brain responsible for memory

Question 31

What are the two types of Amnesia?

Answer 31

Retrograde and Anterograde Amnesia

Question 32

Define Retrograde Amnesia

Answer 32

When you forget events that occurred right before an injury/trauma- where consolidation did not occur (more common)

Question 33

Define Anterograde Amnesia

Answer 33

When you forget event(s) that follow an injury/trauma - after being injured, you don't remember anything that happened after (more rare type)

Question 34

Define Overlearn

Answer 34

To continue to study beyond bare mastery

Question 35

Define Spaced Practice

Answer 35

A practice schedule that alternates study periods with brief rests

Question 36

Define Mnemonics

Answer 36

A memory device, or a memory system that helps you remember info

Question 37

Define Memory

Answer 37

The mental system for receiving, encoding, storing, organizing, altering, and retrieving info

Question 38

Define Encoding

Answer 38

Converting info into a form in which it will be retained in memory

Question 39

Define Storage

Answer 39

Holding info in memory for later use

Question 40

Define Retrieval

Answer 40

Recovering info from storage in memory

Question 41

Define Working Memory

Answer 41

Another name for short-tem memory, especially as it is used for thinking and problem solving

Question 42

Define Information Bits

Answer 42

Meaningful units of info, such as numbers, letters, words, or phrases

Question 43

Define Information Chunks

Answer 43

Info bits grouped into larger units

Question 44

Define Recoding

Answer 44

Reorganizing or modifying info to assist storage in memory

Question 45

Define Maintenance Rehearsal

Answer 45

Silently repeating or mentally reviewing info to hold it in STM

Question 46

Define Rote Rehearsal (Rote Learning)

Answer 46

Learning by simple repetition

Question 47

Define Elaborative Processing

Answer 47

Making memories more meaningful through processing the encodes links between new info and existing memories and knowledge, either at the time of the original encoding or on subsequent retrievals

Question 48

Define False Memory

Answer 48

A memory that can seem accurate but is not

Question 49

Define Source Confusion (in memory)

Answer 49

Occurs when the origins of a memory are misremembered

Question 50

Define Cognitive Interview

Answer 50

Use of various cues and strategies to improve the memory of eyewitnesses

Question 51

Define Network Model (of memory)

Answer 51

A model of memory that views it as an organized system of linked info

Question 52

Define Tip-of-the-Tongue (TOT) state

Answer 52

The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable

Question 53

Define Feeling of Knowing

Answer 53

The ability to predict beforehand whether one will be able to remember something

Question 54

Define Deja Vu

Answer 54

The feeling that you have already experienced a situation that you are actually experiencing for the first time

Question 55

Define Priming

Answer 55

Facilitating the retrieval of an implicit memory by using cues to activate hidden memories

Question 56

Define Curve of Forgetting

Answer 56

A graph that shows the amount of memorized info remembered after varying lengths of time

Question 57

Define Encoding Failure

Answer 57

Failure to store sufficient info to form a useful memory

Question 58

Define Memory Traces

Answer 58

Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that take place when memories are stored

Question 59

Define Disuse

Answer 59

Theory that memory traces weakens when memories are not periodically used or retrieved

Question 60

Define Availability (in memory)

Answer 60

Memories currently stored in memory are available

Question 61

Define Accessibility (in memory)

Answer 61

Memories currently stored in memory which can be retrieved when necessary are both available and accessible

Question 62

Define Retrieval Cue

Answer 62

Stimulus associated with a memory. Retrieval cue usually enhance memory

Question 63

Define Massed Practice

Answer 63

A practice schedule in which studying continues for long periods, without interruption