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A Level Biology OCR > CH10 Classification and Evo > Flashcards

CH10 Classification and Evo Flashcards

1
Q

What is the order of classification?

A
  1. Domain (Archaea, Bacteria, Eukarya)
  2. Kindgom (Plantae, Animalia, Fungi, Protoctista, Prokaryotae)
  3. Phylum (body plan)
  4. Class (general trait)
  5. Order (Organism’s nature)
  6. Family (reproductive charac)
  7. Genus (similar species)
  8. Species (group of organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring)
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2
Q

What are Features of the Animalia kingdom?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • No cell wall
  • Multicellular
  • A nucleus and other membrane bound organelles
  • Heterotrophic (large organic mole. digested into smaller ones)
  • Food stored as glycogen
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3
Q

What are Features of the Plantae kingdom?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Multicellular
  • Cellulose cell wall
  • Use light to produce food by photosynthesis (autotrophic)
  • store food as starch
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4
Q

What are Features of the Fungi kingdom?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • Chitin cell wall
  • Usually multicellular (unicellular = yeast) or have mycelium (mass of branching, thread like hyphae)
  • No chloroplasts
  • Saprophytic feeders
  • store food as glycogen
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5
Q

What are Features of the Prokaryotae kingdom?

A
  • Prokaryotic
  • Unicellular
  • No nucleus
  • circular DNA
  • absorb nutrients or produce internally via photosynthesis
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6
Q

What are Features of the Protoctista kingdom?

A
  • Eukaryotic
  • single celled organisms or colony of single cells
  • some have chloroplasts
  • move using cilia / flagellum / amoeboid mechanisms.
  • Nutrients acquired by photosynthesis (autotrophic)
  • or ingesting other organisms (heterotrophic)
  • or both.
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7
Q

Difference between Artificial and Natural Classification?

A

Artificial Class. is based on observed characteristics, whereas Natural is based on evolutionary relationships and uses evidence from DNA + AAs sequences.

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8
Q

How can DNA sequences be used to identify relationship between two species:

A

Changes in DNA caused by mutations

More diff. there are, the less closely related 2 species are as they will have evolved separately for longer period of time.

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9
Q

How can DNA sequences be used to identify relationship between two species:

A

Changes in DNA caused by mutations

More diff. there are, the less closely related 2 species are as they will have evolved separately for longer period of time.

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10
Q

What is DNA hybridisation?

A
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11
Q

What is the Theory of Evolution? Include all the key words.

A
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12
Q

Define adaptations?

A

Adaptations are characteristics that increase organisms chance of survival and reproduction in its environment

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13
Q

What are some Anatomical Adaptations?

A
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14
Q

What are some Behavioural Adaptations?

A
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15
Q

What are some Physiological Adaptations?

A
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16
Q

What are analogous structures?

A
17
Q

What is convergent evolution?

A
18
Q

Explain how MRSA (Methicillin Resistant Staphlococcus Aureas) becomes drug resistant?

A
19
Q

What is the Founder Effect and what is the Bottle Neck Effect?

A
20
Q

What are causes of genetic variation?

A
  1. Crossing over
  2. Independent Assortment
21
Q

Difference between Continuous and Discontinuous Variation?

A
22
Q

What is intraspecific variation and interspecific variation?

A
  • Interspecific Variation: diff. between individuals of diff. species.
  • Intraspecific Variation: diff between individuals of same species.
23
Q

What are some causes of environmental variation?

A
  • soil acidity
  • sunlight
  • soil minerals
  • pot size
  • water availability
  • climate
  • scars
  • languages
  • piercings
  • skin tan
24
Q

Explain what evidence Palaeontology has put forward for evolution:

A

Fossils - physical evidence - abundant

More complex organisms found in recent rocks.

Oldest rocks are oldest organisms

Whats wrong with this evidence?

No soft body organisms. big fossil gaps.

25
Q

What evidence has Comparative Anatomy put forward for evolution?

A

Homologous structure = same underlying structure (even if look different and have different function)

Divergent Structure = homologous structure provides evidence that species evolved from common ancestor. EACH SPECIES WITH DIFFERENT SET OF ADAPTIVE FEATURES.

e.g. comparative embryology.

26
Q

What has Comparative Biochemistry put forward for evolution?

A
  • Order of DNA bases - DNA is universal, non-overlapping, same 4 bases
  • AA sequences - proteins
  • Proteins, e.g. Cytochrome C + ribosomal RNA
    *

A Level Biology OCR (23 decks)

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