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A&P 1 > Ch.11 > Flashcards

Ch.11 Flashcards

1
Q

What is in the CNS?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

What is in the PNS?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

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3
Q

What do nerves do?

A

connect CNS to the rest of the body

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4
Q

What type of neuron carries information toward the CNS?

A

afferent

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5
Q

What type of neuron carries motor output away from the CNS and towards the PNS?

A

efferent

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6
Q

Where does integration mostly occur?

A

CNS

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7
Q

What is the role of the somatic sensory division?

A

carries general sensory stimuli from muscles, bones, joints, and the skin, as well as special sensory stimuli

Example is proprioception- where you are in space

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8
Q

What is the role of the visceral sensory division?

A

comes from organs

examples: what the Ph of the blood is, bladder is too full

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9
Q

What is the role of the somatic motor division?

A

carries stimuli to skeletal muscles

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10
Q

What is the role of the ANS?

A

carries stimuli to smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

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11
Q

What is the role of neuroglial cells?

A

protection and support of neurons

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12
Q

Why can’t neurons divide?

A

they do not have centrioles

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13
Q

What facilitates communication between 2 cells?

A

neurotransmitter

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14
Q

What do neurotransmitters bind onto?

A

target cells

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15
Q

Where do neurons receive info?

A

dendrites

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16
Q

Where is the cell body located?

A

in receptive region (aka soma)

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17
Q

What does the cell body do?

A

receives info from dendrites and integrates it (adds it together)

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18
Q

What does the axon hillock do?

A

decides if there is an action potential or not

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19
Q

If there is an action potential, where does it conduct?

A

conducts down axon from cell body

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20
Q

What are axon terminals called?

A

secretory region

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21
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

most common neuron in CNS
Known as motor neuron in the PNS
known as motor (efferent) neurons or interneurons

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22
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

sensory (afferent) neuron class
nose, eyes, special senses in the PNS

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23
Q

What is pseudopolar neuron?

A

sensory (afferent) neuron class
no dendrites
sensory neurons in PNS associated with touch, pain, and vibration sensations

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24
Q

What are ganglia?

A

collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS

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25
What do interneurons do?
integrate are multipolar
26
What are cell bodies in the CNS called?
nuclei
27
What are the functions of astrocytes?
-anchor neurons and blood vessels -regulate the extracellular environment -help form the blood-brain barrier -repair damaged tissue
28
What are the functions of oligodendrocytes?
myelinate certain axons in the CNS
29
What does myelin do?
wraps around axons to allow them to conduct electricity more effectively
30
What are the functions of microglial cells?
act as phagocytes
31
What are the functions of ependymal cells?
-line cavities -cilia circulate fluid around the brain and spinal cord -some secrete this fluid -line hollows of brain and spinal cord
32
Where does the PNS get oxygen from?
capillaries
33
How is the PNS different from the CNS?
does not have a blood-brain barrier
34
What do schwann cells do?
myelinate certain axons in the PNS wraps entire cell body around axon
35
What do satellite cells do?
surround and support cell bodies make sure environment is perfect since there is no blood-brain barrier they do less
36
Where is the last place myelination happens in the brain?
prefrontal cortex
37
What are the differences between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?
-Oligodendrocytes are in the CNS, have multiple axons, and this type of myelination largely occurs after birth -Schwann cells are in the PNS, have a single axon, and myelination occurs in the womb
38
What do both oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells do?
-myeline insulates myelinated axons -increases speed of action potentials -makes nerves appear white
39
How does myelination occur?
-in segments called internodes
40
What are axon internodes called?
nodes of Ranvier
41
What do oligodendrocytes have?
multiple internodes that separate cell bodies
42
What happens when an axon is not attached to a cell body?
it disintegrates
43
What does the CNS do because it cannot regenerate?
replaces neurons with scar tissue retrain remaining neurons to do different tasks (plasticity)
44
What do Schwann cells do in nerve regeneration?
form path for new growth wrap new axon in myelin can grow back, but not as well sometimes
45
What happens in wallerian degeneration?
axon distal to injury disintegrates
46
What is transmembrane potential?
charge between ECF and intercellular fluid
47
What does the transmembrane potential do?
move charged particles to produce electrical charge
48
What is resting potential?
negative number of neurons -65 to -70 mV
49
What is a graded potential?
local potential change
50
Where does a local potential occur?
only on dendrites and cell body does not travel far
51
What happens when an action potential travels down the axon?
it causes a release of neurotransmitter that then bind onto the next neuron
52
When do mechanically gated ion channels open?
stretch/deformation
53
Where are leak channels located?
Entire neuron help establish resting membrane potential always open
54
When do ligand-gated channels open?
open in response to binding of neurotransmitter responsible for local potential changes in local receptive areas
55
When do voltage-gated channels open?
open when threshold is reached and opening causes action potential Found abundantly in the axolemma
56
Where does an action potential start?
axon hillock
57
What is the threshold for opening voltage-gated channels?
-55 to -60 at axon hillock
58
What happens when voltage-gated channels open?
sodium rushes in
59
Where do potential changes come from?
dendrites and cell body
60
Why does depolarization happen?
up to +30 because voltage-gated channels open
61
What happens at +30?
sodium channels close and are inactive potassium channels open potential becomes negative
62
What is repolarization?
return to resting membrane potential (-70 mV)
63
What is hyperpolarization?
potassium is still leaking through channels at -70 mV
64
What is the absolute refractory period?
time when another action potential can't be generated
65
What is the relative refractory period?
membrane potential is almost normal very large stimulus can trigger action potential
66
What is continuous propagation?
unmyelinated axons along the entire axon all portions of axon plasma membrane participate
67
What is saltatory propagation?
-myelinated axons jumps from one node of Ranvier to another -faster and uses less energy than continuous propagation -depolarization only occurs at nodes
68
What happens when an axon is smaller in diameter?
the action potential moves slower
69
What are type A fibers?
-myelinated and large diameter so has high speed - somato sensation (where you are in space and motor fibers) -responsible for position, balance and motor impulses
70
What are type B fibers?
-sensory (fine touch, vision and special senses) -also responsible for ANS -causes fast pain
71
What are type C fibers?
-unmyelinated, small diameter -slow speed -responsible for temperature, ANS, and slow pain information
72
What does a presynaptic neuron do?
releases neurotransmitter at synapse
73
What does a postsynaptic neuron do?
has receptors at synapse
74
How does a neurotransmitter travel?
from high to no concentration by diffusion across cleft
75
What happens at a chemical synapse?
-action potential causes depolarization which opens voltage-gated calcium channels -calcium rushes in and causes synaptic vesicles to release neurotransmitters which diffuse and bind onto receptors -if channel opens and ions move in out (local potential) it may or may not causes an action potential in the post synaptic neuron
76
Where are calcium channels found?
only at axon terminal
77
What causes an action potential?
threshold is reached at axon hillock
78
What are local potential changes AKA?
post synaptic potential
79
What is depolarization AKA?
excitatory brings closer to threshold
80
What is hyperpolarization AKA?
inhibitory moves away from threshold
81
What is temporal summation?
multiple action potentials from a single neuron, one after the other
82
What is spatial summation?
many neurons all at the same time produce excitatory post synaptic potential
83
How does an action potential fire?
ADD EPSP to IPSP at threshold
84
What makes sure that neurotransmitters don't move to another neuron?
astrocytes
85
What is dopamine's role?
plays a role in motor control and reward neurotransmitter
86
What is seratonin's role?
involved in mood major neurotransmitter in gut (gastric motility)
87
What is GABA?
major inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS
88
What is NE/E?
more common neurotransmitter released by neurons and bind onto post-synapse (adrenergic)
89
What synapse uses Ach?
NMJ
90
What is glumamate?
major excitatory neurotransmitter in CNS
91
What is substance P?
pain neurotransmitter
92
What does cholinergic mean?
synapses that use Ach
93
Where are ligand-gated ion channels located?
Dendrites and cell body

A&P 1 (12 decks)

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