Chapter 1

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

Describes structures of the body

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

Study of function

Question 3

Gross anatomy

Answer 3

Examines large, visible structures (macroscopic)

Question 4

Surface anatomy

Answer 4

Exterior features

Question 5

Regional anatomy

Answer 5

Body areas

Question 6

Systemic anatomy

Answer 6

Groups of organs working together

Question 7

Histology

Answer 7

Study of tissues (microscopic)

Question 8

Cytology

Answer 8

Study of cells (microscopic)

Question 9

How is physiology divided?

Answer 9

By organ system; can also be specific to body chemicals (molecular) or cellular processes

Question 10

Levels of organization

Answer 10

1. Chemical
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ system
6. Organism

Question 11

What are the 4 types of tissue?

Answer 11

Connective, epithelial, muscle, and nervous

Question 12

What is the cycle of homeostasis?

Answer 12

Receptor, control center, effector

Question 13

What is the negative feedback loop cycle?

Answer 13

Stimulus, receptor, control center, effector (response)

Question 14

What makes a positive feedback loop different from a negative feedback loop?

Answer 14

The response of the effector increases change of the stimulus and moves the body further away from homeostasis.

Question 15

Gradient

Answer 15

Unequal amount of something in 2 adjacent areas.

Question 16

Three common gradients

Answer 16

Pressure, concentration, temperature

Question 17

How does a gradient move?

Answer 17

A gradient will always move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.

Question 18

How do cells communicate?

Answer 18

Chemical messengers or electrical signals

Question 19

How do processes happen during cell to cell communication?

Answer 19

Sodium ions move into neurons, change voltages and make things happen.

Question 20

What are the functions of the integumentary system?

Answer 20

• protects the body from the external environment
• produces vitamin D
• Retains water
• Regulates body temperature

Question 21

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Answer 21

• supports the body
• protects internal organs
• provides leverage for movement
• produces blood cells
• stores calcium salts

Question 22

What are the functions of the muscular system?

Answer 22

• Produces movement
• controls body movement
• generates heat

Question 23

What are the functions of the nervous system?

Answer 23

• regulates body functions

- provides for sensation, movement, automatic functions, and higher mental functions via nerve impulses

Question 24

What are the functions of the endocrine system?

Answer 24

• regulates body functions

- regulates the functions of muscles, glands, and other tissues through the secretion of chemicals called hormones

Question 25

What are the functions of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 25

- pumps and delivers oxygen poor blood to the lungs and oxygen rich blood to the tissues - removes wastes from the tissues - Transport cells, nutrients, and other substances

Question 26

What are the functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 26

- returns excess tissue fluid to the cardiovascular system | - Provides immunity (protection against disease)

Question 27

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 27

-delivers oxygen to the blood -Removes carbon dioxide from the body -maintains the acid-base balance of the blood

Question 28

What are the functions of the digestive system?

Answer 28

- digests food - absorbs nutrients into the blood - Removes food waste - Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid- base balance

Question 29

What are the functions of the urinary system?

Answer 29

- removes metabolic wastes from the blood - Maintains fluid, electrolyte, and acid- base balance - stimulates blood cell production

Question 30

What are the functions of the reproductive system (male)?

Answer 30

- produces and transports sperm - Secretes hormones - sexual function

Question 31

What are the functions of the reproductive system (female)?

Answer 31

- produces and transports oocytes (eggs) - Site of fetal development, fetal nourishment, childbirth, and lactation - Secretes hormones - Sexual function

Question 32

What phrase best summarizes the principle of complementarity of structure and function?

Answer 32

Form follows function

Question 33

What is anabolism?

Answer 33

Smaller chemicals are combined to form larger ones, such as building muscle

Question 34

Catabolism

Answer 34

Larger chemicals are broken down into smaller ones, as in digestion.

Question 35

What happens when there is more anabolism than catabolism?

Answer 35

Growth

Question 36

What is growth?

Answer 36

Increase in size of cells or in increase in number of cells

Question 37

Excretion

Answer 37

End of metabolic processes; waste processes

Question 38

What are the properties common to all living organisms?

Answer 38

One or more cells, metabolism (anabolism & catabolism), growth, excretion, responsiveness, movement, and reproduction

Question 39

Microscopic anatomy

Answer 39

Requires microscope; histology (tissue), cytology (cell)

Question 40

How are electrical signals between cells characterized?

Answer 40

They typically travel to neighboring cells

Question 41

How are chemical messengers in cell cell communication characterized?

Answer 41

They can travel through the blood or other cell fluid

Question 42

A neuron stimulating a muscle cell is an example of

Answer 42

cell-cell communication

Question 43

Which feedback loop is responsible for the magnification of uterine contractions during childbirth?

Answer 43

positive

Question 44

What cellular structure detects stimuli and sends information to the control center in a feedback loop?

Answer 44

receptor

Question 45

A cell or organ that responds to the directions of the control center in a negative feedback loop is termed

Answer 45

an effector