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A&P 1 > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

1
Q

What are ligaments?

A

connect bone to bone

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2
Q

What are tendons?

A

connect muscle to bone

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3
Q

What does connective tissue do?

A

capture joint capsules

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4
Q

What are the skeletal system functions?

A

-protection
-mineral storage (calcium, more, phosphate, less)
-blood cell formation (red bone marrow makes blood, yellow bone marrow stores fat)
-movement (muscles produce movement via their attachment to bones)
-support

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5
Q

What are examples of long bones?

A

-most bones of the arms and legs (including humerus)
-bones of the hands, feet, fingers, and toes
-known for shape and not size

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6
Q

What are examples of short bones?

A

-carpals (bones of the wrist)
-tarsals (bones of the ankle)
-known for shape and not size

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7
Q

What are examples of flat bones?

A

-most bones of the skull
-the ribs
-sternum
-bones of the pelvis

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8
Q

What are examples of irregular bones?

A

-vertebrae
-certain skull bones

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9
Q

What are examples of sesamoid bones?

A

-patella
-suspended in tendons

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10
Q

What is the diaphysis?

A

-the shaft of the long bone
-mostly compact bone
-nutrient foramen allows blood and nerve supply to enter
-dense and solid with hollow tube in middle

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11
Q

What is an important concept about bone tissue and bone organs?

A

Bone tissue never touches bone tissue, only bone organs do

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12
Q

What is the epiphysis?

A

-wide part at each end
-articulation with other bones (joint)
-mostly spongy bone
-covered with compact bone

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13
Q

What does spongy bone do?

A

Framework that helps to transmit forces down (body weight)
lightens bone
spongy bone weakens with age

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14
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

causes holes to appear in spongy bone particularly

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15
Q

What is the metaphysis?

A

-where the diaphysis and epiphysis meet
-growth plate exists largely here while we are young

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16
Q

How does bone growth appear?

A

Diaphysis increases in length and pushes epiphysis away

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17
Q

What is the medullary cavity?

A

-empty of bone
-has strong, compact bone walls
-center of shaft of long bone
-red bone marrow (makes blood cells, both red and white platelets)
-yellow bone marrow

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18
Q

What supplies red and yellow bone marrow?

A

Nutrient artery

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19
Q

What covers the outside of bones?

A

Periosteum

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20
Q

What do perforating fibers do?

A

-collagen of periosteum penetrates bone (perforating fibers)
-anchor tendons and ligaments to bone
-anchor collagen fibers in bone

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21
Q

What does the inner layer of the periosteum do?

A

contains cells that help make and maintain bone

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22
Q

What does the outer layer of the periosteum do?

A

fibrous layer & strong and resists stretch

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23
Q

What is the route for vessels and nerves to enter bone?

A

periosteum

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24
Q

What is the endosteum?

A

inner lining of bone
-only cellular, no fibrous component (bone cells)
-covers trabeculae of spongy bone
-lines central canals

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25
What is the structure of flat bones?
resembles a sandwich of spongy bone -no medullary cavity -between 2 layers of compact bone -spongy bone AKA diploe (with red bone marrow)
26
What drives the function of connective tissue?
matrix of bone tissue
27
What is in the dense matrix?
-deposits of calcium salts and collagen fibers -osteocytes within lacunae -canaliculi
28
How are osteocytes organized?
-around blood cells -live in lacunae (fluid-filled) -blood cells live in center
29
What is the canaliculi?
tunnel/passageway for diffusion process form pathway for blood vessels exchanges nutrients and wastes
30
What makes up 2/3's of the bone's matrix?
minerals (inorganic matrix) calcium salts which form hydroxyapatite crystals Helps bone to resist compression and gives bone its strength
31
What makes up 1/3 of the bone's matrix?
protein fibers AKA collagen (organic matrix) helps to resist twisting/breaking (reinforcement)
32
How much of the bone mass do the cells make up?
2%
33
What are the 4 cell types of bone?
osteogenic cells osteocytes osteoblasts osteoclasts
34
What are the cycles of bone cells?
osteogenic to osteoblast to osteocyte
35
What is an osteogenic cell?
-stem cells -inner lining of periosteum and endosteum -waiting for new bone/matrix -capable of mitosis -differentiate
36
What are osteoblast cells?
make bone matrix (calcium phosphate) and collagen fibers bury themselves in bone once buried, leaves itself lacunae and becomes dormant and becomes osteocyte
37
What are osteocyte cells?
Maintains matrix does not produce new matrix
38
What are osteoclast cells?
not related to other 3 cell types multinucleated makes enzymes and secretes to dissolve bone
39
What is the basic unit of compact bone?
osteon
40
What are the layers surrounding osteons?
concentric lamellae
41
What is an osteon around (what is in the middle of an osteon)?
central canal
42
Where is compact bone found?
walls of diaphysis surface of epiphysis
43
What is in the central canal in an osteon?
blood vessels and nerves
44
What are perforating canals?
tunnels that connect canal to canal to outside
45
What are interstitial lamellae and what do they do?
remnants of old osteons fill spaces between new osteons
46
Where are circumferential lamellae located and what do they do?
wrapped around whole of long bone makes bone smooth
47
What does spongy bone not have?
no osteons no central canal
48
What is spongy bone surrounded by?
both bone marrows both very vascular
49
Where is spongy bone located?
center of epiphysis
50
How is spongy bone organized?
organized in branches called trabeculae
51
What fills the spaces between spongy bone?
bone marrow (obtains nutrients from it)
52
What is a spongy bone's function?
lightens the bone and serves as transmitter of forces
53
What is primary bone?
-immature, woven bone -solid mass of bone matrix -over time, osteoclasts and osteoblasts organize matrix into layers
54
What are the two types of ossification?
-Intramembranous (no cartilage used) -Endochondral (cartilage is used)
55
What is secondary bone?
-mature once matrix is organized into layers -has lamellae
56
What is intramembranous ossification?
-starts in connective tissue proper -skull, mandible, and clavicle form this way, AKA dermal bones -osteoblasts migrate to periosteum
57
What is endochondral ossification?
-starts with hyaline cartilage model -cartilage does NOT become bone -cartilage dies off and is replaced with bone tissue
58
Where does cartilage remain?
surface (articular cartilage) epiphyseal plate (growth plate)
59
What type of ossification increases bone length?
Endochondral ossification
60
Where does longitudinal growth occur?
at growth plate in metaphysis
61
What type of ossification does appositional growth occur by?
Intramembranous ossification
62
How does compact bone thicken and lengthen long bone?
with layers of circumferential lamellae
63
What happens in the zone of proliferation?
-chondrocytes produce new cartilage -chondrocytes divide and push epiphysis away -cells move down into zone of hypertrophy
64
What happens in the zone of hypertrophy and maturation?
-chondrocytes enlarge and mature
65
What happens in the zone of calcification?
-chondrocytes die and matrix calcifies
66
What happens in the zone of ossification?
-osteoblasts replace cartilage with bone tissue -diaphysis increases in length
67
Where is calcium secreted in the bone growth plate zones?
between the zone of hypertrophy and calcification
68
What does mineral recycling allow bones to do?
adapt to stress
69
What happens to heavily stressed bones?
they become thicker and stronger
70
How much bone mass can be lost in a few weeks of inactivity?
1/3
71
What does normal bone growth and maintenance require?
-calcium and phosphate salts from diet -small amounts of magnesium, fluoride, iron, and manganese -Calcitriol
72
What is calcitriol?
Hormone that helps absorb calcium and phosphorus from digestive tract
73
What does calcitriol synthesis require?
Vitamin D3
74
Where is calcitriol made?
kidneys
75
What is Vitamin C required for?
collagen synthesis stimulation of osteoblast differentiation
76
What does Vitamin A do?
stimulates osteoblast activity
77
What does Vitamin K & B12 do?
help synthesize bone proteins
78
What do growth hormone and thyroxine do?
stimulate bone growth
79
What do estrogens and androgens do?
stimulate osteoblasts
80
What do calcitonin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) do?
regulate calcium and phosphate levels
81
What are calcium ions vital to?
membranes neurons muscle cells, especially heart cells
82
What are calcium ions regulated by?
PTH and calcitonin
83
How does the PTH increase calcium ion levels in the blood?
stimulating osteoclasts increasing intestinal absorption of calcium decreasing calcium excretion @ kidneys
84
What is calcitonin secreted by and where?
secreted by C cells (parafollicular cells) in thyroid
85
What does calcitonin do?
decreases calcium ion levels by -inhibiting osteoclast activity -increasing calcium excretion @ kidneys (into urine) -out of blood and into bones
86
What factors increase osteoblast activity?
compressional load or exercise tension placed on bone testosterone Adequate dietary intake of calcium and vitamins C, D, and K
87
What factors decrease osteoclast activity?
estrogen calcitonin increase in blood calcium ion concentration
88
What factors decrease osteoblast activity?
inadequate exercise inadequate dietary intake of calcium or vitamins C, D, or K
89
What factors increase osteoclast activity?
continuous pressure placed on bone parathyroid hormone decrease in blood calcium ion concentration
90
What happens in the very beginning of fracture repair?
formation of blood clot (hematoma)
91
What happens within a week of fracture repair?
-fibroblasts make collagen fibers and chondrocytes make cartilage -soft callus forms
92
What happens around 6 weeks of fracture repair?
osteoblasts build a bone callus bone callus is raised, hard surface. not yet stable
93
What happens a couple of months into fracture repair?
bone callus is remodeled and primary bone is replaced with secondary bone
94
What is a spiral fracture?
fracture caused by a twisting force
95
What is a comminuted fracture?
shattered fracture multiple pieces
96
What is a greenstick fracture?
fractured on one side and folded on other not all the way through common in the young
97
What is a compression fracture?
bone is crushed under weight above common in the elderly and those with reduced bone mass
98
What is an avulsion?
fracture that involves a tendon or ligament often seen in ankle fractures tendon or ligament pulls chunk of bone out
99
What is an epiphyseal plate fracture?
fractured through cartilage can interfere with growth process can end up with limbs of different lengths occurs in children and young adults
100
When does osteopenia begin?
between ages 30 and 40
101
How fast do men and women lose bone mass?
women lose 8% of bone mass per decade men lose 3% of bone mass per decade
102
What body parts are most affected by osteopenia?
the epiphyses vertebrae jaw
103
What does osteopenia result in?
fragile limbs reduction in height tooth loss
104
How many men and women have osteoporosis?
over age 45, occurs in 29% of women 18% of men
105
Put the steps of endochondral ossification in order as the medullary cavity enlarges, the remaining cartilage is replaced by bone; the epiphyses finish ossifying the chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts in the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage with early spongy bone; the secondary ossification centers and medullary cavity develop simultaneously, the internal cartilage begins to calcify and the chondrocytes die osteoblasts build the bone collar on the bone's external surface as the bone begins to ossify from the outside
1. the chondroblasts in the perichondrium differentiate into osteoblasts 2a. osteoblasts build the bone collar on the bone's external surface as the bone begins to ossify from the outside 2b. simultaneously, the internal cartilage begins to calcify and the chondrocytes die 3. in the primary ossification center, osteoblasts replace the calcified cartilage with early spongy bone; the secondary ossification centers and medullary cavity develop 4. as the medullary cavity enlarges, the remaining cartilage is replaced by bone; the epiphyses finish ossifying

A&P 1 (12 decks)

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