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BIOL 303 > CH11 > Flashcards

CH11 Flashcards

1
Q

what kind of DNA does lambda virus have

A

dsDNA
it is a temperate phage

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2
Q

what is the pupose of cos sites in the lambda genome

A

they allow the linear DNA to circularize at the cos sites

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3
Q

what are concatemers

A

copies of the virus genome

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4
Q

what site does lambda bind to

A

maltose porin

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5
Q

what happenes if the cro promoter wins

A

if the cro protein wins then the virus replication leads to lysis of the cell

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6
Q

what happenes if the CI and CII promoter win

A

leads to lysogeny
CI: lambda repressor

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7
Q

what kind of virus is influenza A and what pandemics came from it

A

it is an RNA virus and it caused H1N1, H2N2, H3N2 AND H5N1

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8
Q

What does the H1N1 refer to on the influenza virus

A

the hemagglutinin (binding) and neuraminidase (releases virus particle from the cell)

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9
Q

What is the effect of H5N1

A

(bird flu) can infect humans and cause a 50% mortality rate

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10
Q

definition of antigenic shift

A

two different strains that mix

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11
Q

definition of antigenic drift

A

singular event (mutation)

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12
Q

how does reverse genetics go?

A
  1. CDNA
  2. Plasmids
  3. Host cell
  4. Analysis
    Key: RNA polymerase 1
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13
Q

what needs to happen for the influenza virus to spread

A

the neuraminidase needs to remove the sialic acid

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14
Q

towards what direction does the dynein motor move on the microtubule

A

the negative end

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15
Q

towards what direction does the kinesin motor move on the microtubule

A

the positive end (used by influenza virus)

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16
Q

influenza replication video

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oXzwtGFyBik

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17
Q

what are lentiviruses

A

cause infections that progress slowly over many hears (HIV)

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18
Q

what are simple retroviruses

A

simple genomes that cause tumors and leukemia

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19
Q

how does HIV attach to the host cell?

A

binds to the CD4 receptor of lymphocytes.
note if you do not have CCR5 then you cannot get infected

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20
Q

how does HIV enter host cell

A

The envelope and host membrane fuse, and the HIV core directly enters the cytoplasm. HIV core then dissolves and releases its contents.

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21
Q

HIV replication video

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PlSvywlLuNw

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22
Q

what is a gene transfer vector

A

a DNA sequence that can express a recombinant gene in an animal or plant cell.

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23
Q

what kind of DNA does the Herpes virus have

A

double-stranded DNA

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24
Q

what kind of diseases can herpes cause?

A

chickenpox, shingles, lymphoma, and sarcoma

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25
Q

Herpes life cycle video

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fH1zS7hlW54

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26
Q

the herpes virus DNA exists in the latent form as what kind of virus?

A

episome

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27
Q

what is an episome

A

a genetic element inside some bacterial cells, especially the DNA of some bacteriophages, that can replicate independently of the host and also in association with a chromosome with which it becomes integrated.

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28
Q

definition of auxotrophic

A

The inability of an organism to synthesize a particular organic compound required for its growth

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29
Q

definition of prototrophs

A

Any microorganism that can synthesize its nutrients from inorganic material.

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30
Q

what does the Ames test measure

A

it uses bacteria to measure mutagenicity
note: there is a 95% correlation between carcinogenicity and mutagenicity

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31
Q

what does F+ and F- mean in bacteria

A

bacteria produce a sex pilus from fertility factor positive (donor) to fertility factor absent (F- recipient)

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32
Q

what is an hfr in conjugation

A

(high frequency recombinant) when the f plasmid is inserted into the bacterial chromosome

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33
Q

what does f’ mean in conjugation

A

f’ is an f+ that has picked up genes from hfr

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34
Q

video on bacterial cconjugation

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hm8SZaFmlWg

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35
Q

how long does it take for the plasmid in conjugation to pass on?

A

5 minutes

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36
Q

how long does it take for the chromosome in conjugation to pass on?

A

100 minutes

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37
Q

when does generalized transduction occur

A

occurs when random pieces of bacterial DNA are packaged into a phage. It happens when a phage is in the lytic stage

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38
Q

generalized transduction can transfer what kind of genes

A

they can transfer any genes but the number of phage particles containing a particular gene is limited

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39
Q

what is specialized transduction

A

the process by which a restricted set of bacterial genes are transferred to another bacterium

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40
Q

difference between generalized and specialized transduction

A

in generalized transduction, the bacteriophages can pick up any portion of the host’s genome. In contrast, with specialized transduction, the bacteriophages pick up only specific portions of the host’s DNA.

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41
Q

two kinds of mobile genetic elements

A
  1. insertion sequence (jumping)
  2. transposon codes for multiple antibiotic resistance
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42
Q

what are transposable elements

A

segments of DNA that can move from one location in the genome to a target sequence in another

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43
Q

transposition video

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kbOfT7LJ3R0

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44
Q

difference between conservative and replicative transposition

A

conservative: the transposable element is cut and pasted into host DNA
replicative: transposable element is ccopied to yeild two transposable elements, one in the original position and one in the target dna

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45
Q

what are restriction enzymes

A

cleave DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases.

46
Q

where does type 2 restriction enzyme cut

A

palindromic sites
it separates methylase and restriction endonuclease enzymes

47
Q

what is CRISPR

A

a primitive microbial immune system

48
Q

CRISPR video

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aqw4DihmoQY

49
Q

two types of DNA repair

A
  1. error-proof repair
  2. error-prone repair
50
Q

error proof repair pathways

A

methyl mismatch repair, photoreactiviation, nucleotide exision repair, base excision repair, and recombinational repair

51
Q

when does error-prone repair occur

A

when the damage is so severe that the cell has no other choice but to die

52
Q

what kind of viruses have both RNA and DNA

A

Hepadnaviridae family

53
Q

what are rescued bacteria

A

when the cell with antibiotic resistance lysis it covers the other cells with antibiotic resistance

54
Q

when does insertional inactivation occur

A

when foreign DNA is made to insert into a restriction site inside a gene to resist antibiotics, hence causing the gene to turn non-functional or in an inactivated state.

55
Q

can bacteria process introns

A

no

56
Q

steps in PCR

A
  1. add dna
  2. add primers
  3. add dna polymerase
  4. heat and cool
57
Q

how large are PCR primers

A

25 nucleotides

58
Q

what is PCR used for

A

used to amplify, or copy, a specific DNA target from a mixture of DNA molecules.

59
Q

what are introns

A

a segment of a DNA or RNA molecule which does not code for proteins and interrupts the sequence of genes

60
Q

what is the TI plasmid

A

its a plasmid used for genetic modification in plants

61
Q

table for types of DNA repaid

A

Powerpoint 9 slid 71

62
Q

levels of gene expression control

A

Alteration of DNA sequence

Control of transcription

Control of mRNA stability

Translational control

Postranslational control

63
Q

is DNA sequence control reversible?

A

least reversible, whereas control at the protein level is the most rapid and most reversible

64
Q

to change their appearance microbes use what

A

gene regulation called phase variation
(provides immune avoidance)

65
Q

two types of DNA rearrangement can be used to generate phase variations

A

Gene inversions and
Slipped-strand mispairing

66
Q

can slipped-strand mispairing turn a gene on or off

A

yes

67
Q

Two-component signal transduction systems sense the external environment:

A
  1. Sensor kinase in the cell membrane
  2. Response regulator in the cytoplasm
68
Q

what is an operon

A

a unit made up of linked genes which is thought to regulate other genes responsible for protein synthesis.

69
Q

what is a Gratuitous inducer

A

a gratuitous inducer is a molecule which is structurally similar to another molecule that induces transcription for a specific product

70
Q

what does maximum expression of the lac operon require

A

the presence of cAMP and cAMP receptor protein (CRP).

71
Q

what does the cAMP-CRP complex bind to

A

binds to the promoter, and interacts with RNA pol to increase the rate of transcription initiation.

72
Q

what represses the lac Y operon

A

glucose

73
Q

In catabolite repression, an operon enabling the catabolism of one nutrient is repressed by the presence of a more favorable nutrient. What nutrient is that

A

glucose

74
Q

what is responsible for the breakdown of lactose into sugars for cellular metabolism in E. coli

A

the Lac operon

75
Q

what is the lac operon repressor’s inducer molecule

A

lactose

76
Q

what breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose?

A

beta galactosidase

77
Q

video on the lac operon

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oBwtxdI1zvk

78
Q

what lets lactos into the cell

A

permease

79
Q

what is the definition of anabolism

A

the synthesis of complex molecules in living organisms from simpler ones together with the storage of energy; constructive metabolism.

80
Q

how are anabolic pathways repressed

A

by inactive aporepressors
- these bind to the end product of the pathway, which is called the corepressor

81
Q

what is the purpose of the trp operon

A

needed for the production of tryptophan

82
Q

video on trp operon

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EvLy_1_Y3tk

83
Q

where does RNA polymerase bind on the operon

A

the promoter

84
Q

where does the repressor bond on the operon

A

the operator

85
Q

what does an operon consist of

A

the promoter and operator that regulate for a set of genes upstream

86
Q

what binds to the trp repressor to stop tryptophan synthesis

A

tryptophan as a feedback inhibition moleculte

87
Q

video on transcriptional attenuation

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RQrdY07JkFU

88
Q

when tryptophan levels are high what does the cell use to shut down the expression of tryptophan

A

negative regulation and attenuation

89
Q

what codes for the aporepressor

A

the trpR gene

90
Q

if the cell has excess tryptophan what does tryptophan do

A

it binds to the aporepressor to form the holorepressor wich blocks RNA polymerase

91
Q

where does attenuation occur on the operon

A

the leader which lies between the operator and the first structural gene trpE

92
Q

what regions on the (operon) leader base pair to form the anti-attenuator stem loop

A

regions 2 and 3

93
Q

how is the attenuator stem-loop formed and what does it do

A

when regions 3 and 4 are pair on the leader operon which triggers transcription termination

94
Q

attenuation is the result of a cells what

A

rate of protien synthesis

95
Q

repression of tryptophan is a result of what

A

the external concentration of tryptophan

96
Q

what is the stringent response

A

a way for bacteria to deal with starvation

97
Q

the stringent response is triggered by

A

ppGpp which alters transcription

98
Q

what is a regulon

A

a collection of operons that are regulated by a single regulatory protein

99
Q

what are regulons controlled by

A

sigma factors which are used to regulate transcription

100
Q

what is the purpose of sigma H

A

it is a heat-shock response

101
Q

what is the purpose of a riboswitch

A

used for translational and transcriptional regulation

102
Q

definition of chemotaxis

A

how bacteria respond in the presence of attractants in the enviroment

103
Q

what causes the formation of biofilm

A

a signal molecule called cyclic di-GMP

104
Q

what does quorum sensing refer to

A

the process where bacterial cells work together at high density

105
Q

video on quorum sensing

A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQ43fuJJW7M

106
Q

how do bacteria quorum sense

A

they sense that there are a bunch of bacteria around them when they each produce a bunch of autoinducers

107
Q

what system of genes mediates the bacteria’s bioluminescence

A

the lux system of genes

108
Q

what do the autoinducers bind to so they can create quorum sensing

A

the LuxR inducer

109
Q

what produces autoinducers in quorum sensing

A

LuxI

110
Q

how do bacteria sense bacterial density to form biofilms

A

they use autoinducers

BIOL 303 (26 decks)

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