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NURS 337 > Ch.11 Cancer Biology > Flashcards

Ch.11 Cancer Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Lipoma

A

Benign tumor of fat cells

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2
Q

Sarcoma

A

Malignant tumor arising from connective tissue

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3
Q

Carcinoma

A

Malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue

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4
Q

Osteogenic sarcoma

A

Malignant bone tumor

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5
Q

Rhabdomyoma

A

Benign tumor of skeletal muscle

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6
Q

Liposarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of fat cells

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7
Q

Adenocarcinoma

A

Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium

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8
Q

Leiomyoma

A

Benign tumor of smooth muscle

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9
Q

Hepatocellular carcinoma

A

Primary liver cancer

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10
Q

Rhabdomyosarcoma

A

Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

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11
Q

Mutations in (________) that convert them to (________) drive development of cancer by causing uncontrolled cell growth.

A

proto-oncogenes; oncogenes

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12
Q

If the cancer stem cells in a tumor survive cytotoxic chemotherapy, the tumor is likely to (___________).

A

regrow

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13
Q

Progression from a benign polyp to a malignant tumor requires (________) mutations.

A

multiple

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14
Q

The normal (oncogene, proto-oncogene) ras becomes the (oncogene, proto-oncogene) ras when a mutation makes the RAS protein active all the time.

A

proto-oncogene; oncogene

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15
Q

Malignant tumors in the colon most commonly metastasize to the (lungs, liver).

A

liver

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16
Q

Malignant tumors are (heterogeneous, homogeneous) in their cellular composition.

A

heterogeneous

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17
Q

In the presence of oxygen, normal cells metabolize glucose by (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation), but cancer cells often metabolize it by (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation).

A

oxidative phosphorylation; glycolysis

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18
Q

For a cell to become cancerous, (simultaneous, stepwise) mutations must occur in its (genes, enzymes).

A

stepwise; genes

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19
Q

(Acute, Chronic) inflammation predisposes to development of cancer.

A

Chronic

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20
Q

The TNM system is used to (grade, stage) a cancer.

A

stage

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21
Q

Pleomorphic

A

Having variable size and shape

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22
Q

Differentiation

A

The process by which a cell develops a specialized organization and function

23
Q

Anaplastic

A

Having no cellular differentiation

24
Q

Transformation

A

The process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell

25
Q

Neoplasm

A

A new growth

26
Q

Tumor

A

Abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled proliferation

27
Q

Point mutation inactivates one tumor-suppressor gene allele, epigenetic change silences the other.

A

Procancer effect

28
Q

Chromosome translocation creates Philadelphia chromosome.

A

Procancer effect

29
Q

Point mutation inactivates proto-oncogene.

A

Anticancer effect

30
Q

Decreased expression of specific noncoding RNAs causes increased expression of oncogenes.

A

Procancer effect

31
Q

Decreased expression of specific noncoding RNAs causes increased expression of oncogenes.

A

Procancer effect

32
Q

DNA methylation occurs in the promoter regions of both copies of a tumor-suppressor gene.

A

Procancer effect

33
Q

Epigenetic modification silences an oncogene.

A

Anticancer effect

34
Q

Mutation disrupts caretaker gene.

A

Procancer effect

35
Q

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
1

A

Mutations enable self-renewal, anchorage independence, increased motility, and secretion of proteases.

36
Q

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
2

A

Tumor microenvironment drives cell dedifferentiation by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

37
Q

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
3

A

Cancer cells move into a blood vessel, facilitated by leaky blood vessels created through angiogenesis.

38
Q

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
4

A

Cancer cells circulate, evading the immune system by associating with platelets or other mechanisms.

39
Q

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
5

A

Cancer cells attach to endothelium attracted by tissue-specific characteristics and survival signals.

40
Q

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
6

A

Cancer cells leave the blood vessel, facilitated by their motility characteristics and vascular remodeling.

41
Q

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood
7

A

Cancer cells secrete chemical signals that co-opt local and circulating cells, creating a new microenvironment where they proliferate.

42
Q

What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

A

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that codes for proteins that stimulate cell proliferation appropriately, but an oncogene is a proto-oncogene that is mutated in such a way that its proteins are inappropriately active, accelerating cell proliferation.

43
Q

What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene?

A

A proto-oncogene codes for proteins that stimulate cell proliferation, but a tumor suppressor gene codes for proteins that suppress cell proliferation.

44
Q

What is the difference between a driver mutation and a passenger mutation?

A

A driver mutation is important for cancer progression, but a passenger mutation is a random mutation that probably does not contribute to cancer progression.

45
Q

Stem cells and cancer cells are able to divide indefinitely because they make the enzyme

A

telomerase

46
Q

Tumors stimulate formation of new blood vessels by secreting

A

angiogenic

47
Q

Abnormal premalignant growths in epithelial tissues that have not crossed the basement membrane are called carcinoma

A

in situ

48
Q

Cancer-predisposing genetic events that occur in ______________ cells are not inherited, but those that occur in ______________ cells are inherited

A

somatic; germline

49
Q

A cancer cell that secretes growth factors that stimulate its own growth engages in ______________ stimulation.

A

autocrine

50
Q

Characteristics of cancer cells that enable them to survive and proliferate include loss of contact ______________, resistance to apoptosis, and anchorage ______________.

A

inhibition; independence

51
Q

Survival of malignant tumors is facilitated by tumor-associated ______________ that secrete cytokines and other factors that assist cancer cell survival and proliferation

A

macrophages

52
Q

The immune system is important in protecting against cancers caused by specific ______________ infections.

A

viral

53
Q

In the TNM system, T represents ______________; N represents ______________; and M represents ______________.

A

tumor; nodes; metastases

NURS 337 (40 decks)

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