Ch.11 Cancer Biology

Question 1

Lipoma

Answer 1

Benign tumor of fat cells

Question 2

Sarcoma

Answer 2

Malignant tumor arising from connective tissue

Question 3

Carcinoma

Answer 3

Malignant tumor arising from epithelial tissue

Question 4

Osteogenic sarcoma

Answer 4

Malignant bone tumor

Question 5

Rhabdomyoma

Answer 5

Benign tumor of skeletal muscle

Question 6

Liposarcoma

Answer 6

Malignant tumor of fat cells

Question 7

Adenocarcinoma

Answer 7

Malignant tumor of glandular epithelium

Question 8

Leiomyoma

Answer 8

Benign tumor of smooth muscle

Question 9

Hepatocellular carcinoma

Answer 9

Primary liver cancer

Question 10

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 10

Malignant tumor of skeletal muscle

Question 11

Mutations in (________) that convert them to (________) drive development of cancer by causing uncontrolled cell growth.

Answer 11

proto-oncogenes; oncogenes

Question 12

If the cancer stem cells in a tumor survive cytotoxic chemotherapy, the tumor is likely to (___________).

Answer 12

regrow

Question 13

Progression from a benign polyp to a malignant tumor requires (________) mutations.

Answer 13

multiple

Question 14

The normal (oncogene, proto-oncogene) ras becomes the (oncogene, proto-oncogene) ras when a mutation makes the RAS protein active all the time.

Answer 14

proto-oncogene; oncogene

Question 15

Malignant tumors in the colon most commonly metastasize to the (lungs, liver).

Answer 15

liver

Question 16

Malignant tumors are (heterogeneous, homogeneous) in their cellular composition.

Answer 16

heterogeneous

Question 17

In the presence of oxygen, normal cells metabolize glucose by (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation), but cancer cells often metabolize it by (glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation).

Answer 17

oxidative phosphorylation; glycolysis

Question 18

For a cell to become cancerous, (simultaneous, stepwise) mutations must occur in its (genes, enzymes).

Answer 18

stepwise; genes

Question 19

(Acute, Chronic) inflammation predisposes to development of cancer.

Answer 19

Chronic

Question 20

The TNM system is used to (grade, stage) a cancer.

Answer 20

stage

Question 21

Pleomorphic

Answer 21

Having variable size and shape

Question 22

Differentiation

Answer 22

The process by which a cell develops a specialized organization and function

Question 23

Anaplastic

Answer 23

Having no cellular differentiation

Question 24

Transformation

Answer 24

The process by which a normal cell becomes a cancer cell

Question 25

Neoplasm

Answer 25

 A new growth

Question 26

Tumor

Answer 26

Abnormal growth resulting from uncontrolled proliferation

Question 27

Point mutation inactivates one tumor-suppressor gene allele, epigenetic change silences the other.

Answer 27

Procancer effect

Question 28

Chromosome translocation creates Philadelphia chromosome.

Answer 28

Procancer effect

Question 29

Point mutation inactivates proto-oncogene.

Answer 29

Anticancer effect

Question 30

Decreased expression of specific noncoding RNAs causes increased expression of oncogenes.

Answer 30

Procancer effect

Question 31

Decreased expression of specific noncoding RNAs causes increased expression of oncogenes.

Answer 31

Procancer effect

Question 32

DNA methylation occurs in the promoter regions of both copies of a tumor-suppressor gene.

Answer 32

Procancer effect

Question 33

Epigenetic modification silences an oncogene.

Answer 33

Anticancer effect

Question 34

Mutation disrupts caretaker gene.

Answer 34

Procancer effect

Question 35

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood 1

Answer 35

Mutations enable self-renewal, anchorage independence, increased motility, and secretion of proteases.

Question 36

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood 2

Answer 36

Tumor microenvironment drives cell dedifferentiation by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition.

Question 37

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood 3

Answer 37

Cancer cells move into a blood vessel, facilitated by leaky blood vessels created through angiogenesis.

Question 38

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood 4

Answer 38

Cancer cells circulate, evading the immune system by associating with platelets or other mechanisms.

Question 39

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood 5

Answer 39

Cancer cells attach to endothelium attracted by tissue-specific characteristics and survival signals.

Question 40

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood 6

Answer 40

Cancer cells leave the blood vessel, facilitated by their motility characteristics and vascular remodeling.

Question 41

Sequence the events that occur when a carcinoma successfully metastasizes through the blood 7

Answer 41

Cancer cells secrete chemical signals that co-opt local and circulating cells, creating a new microenvironment where they proliferate.

Question 42

What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and an oncogene?

Answer 42

A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that codes for proteins that stimulate cell proliferation appropriately, but an oncogene is a proto-oncogene that is mutated in such a way that its proteins are inappropriately active, accelerating cell proliferation.

Question 43

What is the difference between a proto-oncogene and a tumor-suppressor gene?

Answer 43

A proto-oncogene codes for proteins that stimulate cell proliferation, but a tumor suppressor gene codes for proteins that suppress cell proliferation.

Question 44

What is the difference between a driver mutation and a passenger mutation?

Answer 44

A driver mutation is important for cancer progression, but a passenger mutation is a random mutation that probably does not contribute to cancer progression.

Question 45

Stem cells and cancer cells are able to divide indefinitely because they make the enzyme

Answer 45

 telomerase

Question 46

Tumors stimulate formation of new blood vessels by secreting

Answer 46

angiogenic

Question 47

Abnormal premalignant growths in epithelial tissues that have not crossed the basement membrane are called carcinoma

Answer 47

in situ

Question 48

Cancer-predisposing genetic events that occur in ______________ cells are not inherited, but those that occur in ______________ cells are inherited

Answer 48

somatic; germline

Question 49

 A cancer cell that secretes growth factors that stimulate its own growth engages in ______________ stimulation.

Answer 49

autocrine

Question 50

Characteristics of cancer cells that enable them to survive and proliferate include loss of contact ______________, resistance to apoptosis, and anchorage ______________.

Answer 50

inhibition; independence

Question 51

Survival of malignant tumors is facilitated by tumor-associated ______________ that secrete cytokines and other factors that assist cancer cell survival and proliferation

Answer 51

macrophages

Question 52

The immune system is important in protecting against cancers caused by specific ______________ infections.

Answer 52

viral

Question 53

In the TNM system, T represents ______________; N represents ______________; and M represents ______________.

Answer 53

tumor; nodes; metastases