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NURS 337 > Chapter 4 Altered Cell Biology > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Altered Cell Biology Flashcards

1
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in size

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2
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size

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3
Q

Hyperplasias

A

increase in number

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4
Q

Dysplasia

A

disarranged cell; abnormal cell growth

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5
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of mature cells for less mature cells- lining of lungs in a smoker

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6
Q

Atrophy example

A

in a cast, bed bound, etc

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7
Q

Hypertrophy example

A

one kidney fails, heart working hard, muscles working hard

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8
Q

Hyperplasia example

A

preparing for birth, the uterus enlarges, regeneration of the liver with partial removal, even up to 70% will regenerate in about 2 weeks

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9
Q

Metaplasia Simplified

A

the original cells are not robust enough to withstand the new environment, and so they change into another type more suited to the new environment

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10
Q

Dysplasia Example

A

. Often are encountered in epithelial tissue of the cervix and respiratory tract

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11
Q

Reversible
Cellular Injury

A

Injured cells may recover

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12
Q

Irreversible
Cellular Injury

A

Injured cells die

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13
Q

most common cause of cellular injury

A

Lack of sufficient oxygen

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14
Q

Hypoxic injury types

A

-Ischemia
-Anoxia
-Cellular responses (Decrease ATP, vacuolation, cell swelling)
-Reperfusion injury

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15
Q

Ischemia

A

Reduced blood supply

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16
Q

Anoxia

A

Total lack of oxygen

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17
Q

Cellular responses

A
  • Decrease in ATP (failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange)
    -Cellular swelling
    -Vacuolation (formation of vacuoles causing swelling)
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18
Q

Reperfusion injury

A

Reoxygenation causing more injury because of the formation of reactive oxygen radicals that can cause cell necrosis

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19
Q

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species

A

Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that damage
-Lipid peroxidation
-Alteration of proteins
-Alteration of DNA
-Mitochondrial damage

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20
Q

Cellular Death (Necrosis)

A

-Necrosis
Later Stages:
-Karyolysis
-Pyknosis
-Karyorrhexis

21
Q

Necrosis

A

Sum of cellular changes
after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion

22
Q

Karyolysis

A

Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis

23
Q

Pyknosis

A

-Clumping of the nucleus
-Dissolves by karyolysis

24
Q

Karyorrhexis

A

-Fragmentation of the nucleus
-“nuclear dust”

25
Q

Coagulative Necrosis

A

-Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands
-Protein denaturation

26
Q

Coagulation is caused by

A

protein denaturation

27
Q

protein denaturation

A

causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state

28
Q

Liquefactive necrosis

A

-Neurons and glial cells of the brain
-Brain is rich in digestive hydrolytic enzymes
-Bacterial infection
(Staphylococci, streptococci, and Escherichia coli)

29
Q

Caseous Necrosis

A

-Tuberculous pulmonary infection
-Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

30
Q

Fat necrosis

A

-Breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs
-Action of lipases

31
Q

Lipases break down

A

triglycerides

32
Q

triglycerides

A

release free fatty acids

33
Q

free fatty acids

A

combine with calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions, creating soaps

34
Q

Fat necrotic tissue appears

A

opaque and chalk-white.

35
Q

Gangrenous necrosis

A

Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury
-commonly occurring because of arteriosclerosis, or blockage of major arteries, particularly those in the lower leg

36
Q

Dry gangrene

A

result of coagulative necrosis,
- skin is very dry, wrinkles, turns brown or black
-(gangrenous foot)

37
Q

Wet gangrene

A

result of liquefactive necrosis,
- occurs in internal organs causing the site to become cold, swollen, and black.
- A foul odor is present
-severe, death can ensue

38
Q

Gas gangrene

A

special type of gangrene caused by infection of injured tissue by one of many species of clostridium (difficile).
-These anaerobic bacteria produce hydrolytic enzymes and toxins
-destroy connective tissue and cellular membranes and cause bubbles of gas to form in muscle cells.
- This can be fatal if enzymes lyse the membranes of RBCs destroying their oxygen-carrying capacity. Death is caused by shock

39
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cellular death
-Active process of cellular self-destruction. Cells need to die; otherwise, endless proliferation would lead to gigantic bodies. The average adult can create 10 billion new cells every day and so we must destroy the same amount.

40
Q

Aging is

A

“normal”

41
Q

Disease is

A

“abnormal”

42
Q

Life expectancy is

A

the number of years remaining at a given age

43
Q

Normal life span and life expectancy

A

80-100

44
Q

Degenerative extracellular changes

A

-Dehydration
-Wrinkles of the skin
-Cataracts
-Skeletal muscle alterations

45
Q

Theories of Aging

A

-Genetic and environmental lifestyle factors
-Alterations of cellular control mechanisms
-Degenerative extracellular and vascular changes

46
Q

Aging Types

A

-Cellular aging
-Tissue and systemic aging
-Frailty

47
Q

Cellular aging

A

Atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells

48
Q

Tissue and systemic aging

A

-Progressive stiffness and rigidity
-Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and strength)

49
Q

Frailty

A

Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density

NURS 337 (40 decks)

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