Chapter 4 Altered Cell Biology

Question 1

Atrophy

Answer 1

decrease in size

Question 2

Hypertrophy

Answer 2

increase in size

Question 3

Hyperplasias

Answer 3

increase in number

Question 4

Dysplasia

Answer 4

disarranged cell; abnormal cell growth

Question 5

Metaplasia

Answer 5

replacement of mature cells for less mature cells- lining of lungs in a smoker

Question 6

Atrophy example

Answer 6

in a cast, bed bound, etc

Question 7

Hypertrophy example

Answer 7

one kidney fails, heart working hard, muscles working hard

Question 8

Hyperplasia example

Answer 8

preparing for birth, the uterus enlarges, regeneration of the liver with partial removal, even up to 70% will regenerate in about 2 weeks

Question 9

Metaplasia Simplified

Answer 9

the original cells are not robust enough to withstand the new environment, and so they change into another type more suited to the new environment

Question 10

Dysplasia Example

Answer 10

. Often are encountered in epithelial tissue of the cervix and respiratory tract

Question 11

Reversible
Cellular Injury

Answer 11

Injured cells may recover

Question 12

Irreversible
Cellular Injury

Answer 12

Injured cells die

Question 13

most common cause of cellular injury

Answer 13

Lack of sufficient oxygen

Question 14

Hypoxic injury types

Answer 14

-Ischemia
-Anoxia
-Cellular responses (Decrease ATP, vacuolation, cell swelling)
-Reperfusion injury

Question 15

Ischemia

Answer 15

Reduced blood supply

Question 16

Anoxia

Answer 16

Total lack of oxygen

Question 17

Cellular responses

Answer 17

• Decrease in ATP (failure of sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange)
  -Cellular swelling
  -Vacuolation (formation of vacuoles causing swelling)

Question 18

Reperfusion injury

Answer 18

Reoxygenation causing more injury because of the formation of reactive oxygen radicals that can cause cell necrosis

Question 19

Free radicals and reactive oxygen species

Answer 19

Electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron that damage
-Lipid peroxidation
-Alteration of proteins
-Alteration of DNA
-Mitochondrial damage

Question 20

Cellular Death (Necrosis)

Answer 20

-Necrosis
Later Stages:
-Karyolysis
-Pyknosis
-Karyorrhexis

Question 21

Necrosis

Answer 21

Sum of cellular changes
after local cell death and the process of cellular autodigestion

Question 22

Karyolysis

Answer 22

Nuclear dissolution and chromatin lysis

Question 23

Pyknosis

Answer 23

-Clumping of the nucleus
-Dissolves by karyolysis

Question 24

Karyorrhexis

Answer 24

-Fragmentation of the nucleus
-“nuclear dust”

Question 25

Coagulative Necrosis

Answer 25

-Kidneys, heart, and adrenal glands -Protein denaturation

Question 26

Coagulation is caused by

Answer 26

protein denaturation

Question 27

protein denaturation

Answer 27

causes the protein albumin to change from a gelatinous, transparent state to a firm, opaque state

Question 28

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 28

-Neurons and glial cells of the brain -Brain is rich in digestive hydrolytic enzymes -Bacterial infection (Staphylococci, streptococci, and Escherichia coli)

Question 29

Caseous Necrosis

Answer 29

-Tuberculous pulmonary infection -Combination of coagulative and liquefactive necrosis

Question 30

Fat necrosis

Answer 30

-Breast, pancreas, and other abdominal organs -Action of lipases

Question 31

Lipases break down

Answer 31

triglycerides

Question 32

triglycerides

Answer 32

release free fatty acids

Question 33

free fatty acids

Answer 33

combine with calcium, magnesium, and sodium ions, creating soaps

Question 34

Fat necrotic tissue appears

Answer 34

opaque and chalk-white.

Question 35

Gangrenous necrosis

Answer 35

Death of tissue from severe hypoxic injury -commonly occurring because of arteriosclerosis, or blockage of major arteries, particularly those in the lower leg

Question 36

Dry gangrene

Answer 36

result of coagulative necrosis, - skin is very dry, wrinkles, turns brown or black -(gangrenous foot)

Question 37

Wet gangrene

Answer 37

result of liquefactive necrosis, - occurs in internal organs causing the site to become cold, swollen, and black. - A foul odor is present -severe, death can ensue

Question 38

Gas gangrene

Answer 38

special type of gangrene caused by infection of injured tissue by one of many species of clostridium (difficile). -These anaerobic bacteria produce hydrolytic enzymes and toxins -destroy connective tissue and cellular membranes and cause bubbles of gas to form in muscle cells. - This can be fatal if enzymes lyse the membranes of RBCs destroying their oxygen-carrying capacity. Death is caused by shock

Question 39

Apoptosis

Answer 39

Programmed cellular death -Active process of cellular self-destruction. Cells need to die; otherwise, endless proliferation would lead to gigantic bodies. The average adult can create 10 billion new cells every day and so we must destroy the same amount.

Question 40

Aging is

Answer 40

“normal”

Question 41

Disease is

Answer 41

“abnormal”

Question 42

Life expectancy is

Answer 42

the number of years remaining at a given age

Question 43

Normal life span and life expectancy

Answer 43

80-100

Question 44

Degenerative extracellular changes

Answer 44

-Dehydration -Wrinkles of the skin -Cataracts -Skeletal muscle alterations

Question 45

Theories of Aging

Answer 45

-Genetic and environmental lifestyle factors -Alterations of cellular control mechanisms -Degenerative extracellular and vascular changes

Question 46

Aging Types

Answer 46

-Cellular aging -Tissue and systemic aging -Frailty

Question 47

Cellular aging

Answer 47

Atrophy, decreased function, and loss of cells

Question 48

Tissue and systemic aging

Answer 48

-Progressive stiffness and rigidity -Sarcopenia (loss of muscle mass and strength)

Question 49

Frailty

Answer 49

Mobility, balance, muscle strength, motor activity, cognition, nutrition, endurance, falls, fractures, and bone density