Ch.11, Prejudice

Question 1

Prejudice:

Answer 1

preconceived negative judgment of a group and its individual members
Prejudice is an attitude
DISCRIMINATION IS A BEHAVIOR

Question 2

Dual attitude system and prejudice

Answer 2

we can have different explicit and implicit attitudes towards the same target
Implicit Association Tests only modestly predict individual acts, but it betters predicts average outcomes

Question 3

Racial and prejudice and “racism is gone” statement

Answer 3

Majority group members tend to contrast the present with the oppressive past and to perceive swift and radical progress
Minority group members tend to compare the present with what an ideal world would be, which has not been yet realized, and therefore perceive much less progress

Question 4

Patronization and minorities

Answer 4

Patronization: inflated praise and insufficient criticism, giving racial minorities less criticism because we feel bad for them

Question 5

Automatic Racial prejudice and Firing Experiment:

Answer 5

people were more likely to react by “shooting” a black man holding a harmless object in a simulator than anyone else: CONCLUSION, Even when race does not bias perception, it may bias REACTION:

Question 6

Hostile vs benovelent sexism

Answer 6

Hostile Sexism: overtly negative
Benevolent Sexism: “women deserve protection” may still impede gender equity by discouraging the hiring of women in traditionally male dominated occupations

Question 7

LGBT Prejudice

Answer 7

Heterosexual men who value masculinity express the most prejudice against transgender individuals
Increase in mood disorders, drug abuse, and suicides among LGBT members in areas where gay marriage is banned

Question 8

Judgements of competence and likability

Answer 8

WE see other as competent or likable, but not usually both: we typically respect the competence of those high in status and like those who agreeably accept a lower status

Question 9

Social Dominance Orientation:

Answer 9

people who like their social groups to be high status; being in a dominant/high status position already tends to promote this general orientation

Question 10

“Double Highs Personality”:

Answer 10

people high in social dominance orientation and authoritarian personality, usually these people are the leaders of hate groups

Question 11

Religion/Prejudice , correlation between prejudice and religion

Answer 11

Religion justifies corruption
Could be that there is no causal connection, could be that prejudice caused people to form religion to justify it, or could be that religion may cause prejudice
Intrinsically religious people are less prejudiced
If we define religiousness as church membership or willingness to agree at least superficially with traditional beliefs, then the more religious people have been the more racially prejudiced
—-)White church members express more racial prejudice than non-members, and (2)those professing traditional or fundamentalist Christian beliefs express more prejudice than those professing more progressive beliefs (

Question 12

Face-ism

Answer 12

Facism: men’s faces are more often pictured in advertisements, while women’s bodies are more often pictured

Question 13

Scapegoat Theory, Motivational Sources of Prejudice

Answer 13

“Displaced aggression” = scapegoating
When living standards are rising, societies tend to be more open to diversity and enforcement of anti-discrimination laws

Question 14

Williams syndrome and prejudice

Answer 14

Williams Syndrome: people with this disorder are not capable of negative emotional response, and therefore have no racial prejudice
Hard times = more prejudice, taking out the anger on someone and blaming it on them

Question 15

Realistic Group Conflict Theory

Answer 15

Suggests that prejudice arises when groups compete for scarce resources

Question 16

Gause’s Law:

Answer 16

evolutionary biology law that states that maximum competition will exist between species with identical needs
Economic competition can lead to more prejudice; as competition increases, conflict increases, and so does prejudice

Question 17

Social Identity Theory of prejudice/categorization

Answer 17

Self concept contains both personal identity and social identity
Categorization: we find it useful to put people, ourselves included, into categories via religion , status, etc.
We identify: we associate ourselves with certain groups–IN GROUPS-and gain self esteem by doing so
We compare: we contrast our groups with other groups, OUT GROUPS, with a favorable bias toward our own groups

Question 18

In group bias and prejudice

Answer 18

The experience of being formed into groups may promote in-group bias
In group bias: example of human quest for positive self-concept, when our group is successful, we can make ourselves feel better by identifying more strongly with it
In-group bias feeds favoritism: believe in group members are better than out group members

Question 19

Infrahumanization

Answer 19

Infrahumanization: denying human attributes to out groups; dehumanize out groups
Bias is a matter of dislike toward those who are different

Question 20

Terror Management Theory:

Answer 20

people shield themselves from the threat of their own death by derogating those whose challenges to their worldviews further arouse their anxiety

Question 21

Own Race Bias

Answer 21

Own-Race Bias: can more easily identify people from our own race, but other races tend to “all look alike”

Question 22

Distinctiveness

Answer 22

Extra attention we pay to distinctive people creates an illusion that they differ more from others than they really do
Distinctiveness in a group causes self-consciousness (only woman in the room, feel self-conscious)
Self-conscious interactions between a minority and majority person can feel tense: don’t want to come off as prejudiced, but then holding back comes across as distant, person perceives you as prejudiced

Question 23

Illusory Correlations

Answer 23

Features that distinguish a minority from a majority are those that become associated with it
Feeds mass illusory correlations about groups throughout media (when a murderer is gay, this part is emphasized)

Question 24

Self-Perpetuating Prejudgments

Answer 24

Prejudgments are self-perpetuating: whenever a group member behaves as expected it confirms it; when they do not, we explain away the behavior as due to special circumstances

Question 25

Victimization, Allport

Answer 25

Victimization: how one perceives the discrimination
Effects of victimization can be categorized into blaming oneself (self-hate, aggression against own group) and blaming external causes (increasing group pride, fighting back)

Question 26

Stereotype Threat

Answer 26

Self-confirming apprehension that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype
When women are told that there is a stereotype of math, they did perform worse