CH14 Flashcards by Majesty Hill

antibiotic drug groups (bacteria)

penicillins, cephalosporins, bacitracin, aminoglycosides, macrolides, erythromycin, vancomycin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, fluoroquinolones, rifampin, sulfa drugs, trimethoprim

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drugs causing cell wall damage and lysis

penicillins, cephalasporins, bacitracin, vancomycin

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drugs that inhibit ribosomonal protein synthesis

aminoglycosides, macrolides, erythromycin, chloramphenicol

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drugs that block replication of DNA and stop mRNA synthesis

fluoroquinolones

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drugs that stop mRNA synthesis

rifampin

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drugs that inhibit folic acid metabolism

sulfa, trimethoprim

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antifungals

amphotericin B, azoles, flucytosine

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drugs that cause loss of membrane permeability

amphotericin B, Azoles

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antifungal drugs that inhibit DNA and RNA synthesis

flucytosine

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protoza killers

quinines, metronidazole

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drugs that build up toxic free radicdals

metronidazole

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creates a buildup of toxic waste in the parasite’s cells

quinines

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drugs that kill helminths

bendazoles, diethylcarbamide, piperazine, niclosamide, ivermectin

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drug inhibiting glucose metabolism in helminths

bendazole

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drug that kills larval forms of helminths

diethylcarbamide

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drug that paralyzes muscular system of helminths

piperazine

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drug that loosens worm hold

niclosamide

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drug that inhibits neuromuscular system of helminth

ivermectin

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antivirals

oseltamivir, cyclovirs, azidothymidine,

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drug that prevents viral budding

oseltamivir

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drug that stops viral replication

cyclovirs

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drug that blocks formation of DNA from RNA strand

azidothymidine

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spectrum

range of activity in a drug

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medium/broad spectrum drugs

cillins (medium) cyclines (broad)

true or false: bacitracin is broad spectrum

false

How do penicillins and cephalosporins destroy cell walls?

they block synthesis of peptidoglycan, causing the cell wall to lyse

true or false: Broad spectrum cillins and cephs can cross the cell walls of gram-negative bacteria

true

True or False: Greater than 1/2 of all antimicrobic drugs are beta-lactams

true

True or false: cephs and cillins are beta-lactams

true

semisynthetic penicillins

methicillin, ampicillin, nafcillin, cloxacillin, ticarcillin, penicillin V

first penicillin developed to resist effects of penicilliniase

methicillin

first penicillin to provide broad spectrum coverage for bacterial infections

ampicillin

narrow spectrum alternate to methicillin that resists penicillinase

nafcillin

broad spectrum and resistant to penicillinase

cloxacillin

extended spectrum, effective against gram-negative rods

ticarcillin

withstands stomach acid and can be taken by mouth

penicillin V

cephalosporins acount for _____ of all antibiotics adminstered

1/3

True or false: cephalosporins have a synthetically altered beta-lactam structure

true

How many generations of cephalosporins are there?

List the generations of cephalosporins

1) cephalothin, cefazolin: most effective against gram positive cocci and few gram negative 2) cefaclor, cefonacid : more effective against gram-negative bacteria 3) cephalexin, ceftriaxone: broad-spectrum activity against enteric bacteria with beta-lactamases 4) cefepime : widest range, both gram neg and gram pos

Non Beta-Lactam Cell wall inhibitiors

vanc, bacitracin, isoniazid

antibiotics acting on 50s subunit

-icols, mycins, streptogramin, retapamulin

site of action : 30s subunit

aminoglycosides, tetracyclines

30S and 50s subunits

oxazolidinones (linezolid) zyvox

Polymixins

narrow-spectrum peptide antibiotics with unique fatty acid component (pseudomonas, severe UTI)

chloroquine and quinolone effects on nucleic acid synthesis

chloroquine binds and cross-links the double helix, quinolones inhibit DNA helicases

Antiviral drugs that are analogs of purines and pyrimidines insert in viral nucleic acid, preventing

replication

bacteriacidal antibiotic that works by binding to DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV

fluroquinolone

aminoglycosides (mycins) insert on the site of the 30S subunit and cause

misreading of mRNA

tetracyclines block attachment of tRNA on the A acceptor site, and

stop further synthesis

examples of metabolic analog drugs

sulfonamides, trimethorprim, retrovir

acquisition of drug resistance

inactivation by penicillinase, decreased permeability, activation of drug pump, changei n binding site, use of alternate metabolic pathway

3 things to consider when choosing antimicrobial drug

nature of microorganism, degree of microorganism's susceptibility, overall medical condition of patient

Tests for bacteria commonly showing resistance

kirby-bauer, etest, tube dilution

what does the tube dilution test determine

minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC)

macrolide polyenes : bind to fungal membranes and cause loss of selective permeability

amphotericin B, nystatin

antifungal causing nucleic acid synthesis inhibition; stubborn cases of dermatophyte infections, nephrotoxic

griseofulvin

synthetic azoles

inhibits sterol part of cell membrane broad-spectrum. EX: ketoconazole, clotrimazole, miconazole

flucytosine

antifungal, nucleic acid synthesis inhibition analog of cytosine; cutaneous mycoses; with amphotericin B for systemic mycoses

echinocandins

damage fungal cell wall EX: capsofungin

antimalarials

quinine, chloroquinine, primaquine, mefloquine

antiprotozoan

metronidazole (flagyl) quinicrine sulfonamides tetracyclines

antihelminthic drugs

mebendazole, thiabendazole, pyrantel, piperazine, niclosamide

maraviroc, ibalizumab

binding inhibitors

enfuvirtide

fusion inhibitor

azidothymidine, lamivudine

NRTI

doravirine, etravirine, rilpivirine

NNRTIs

raltegravir, elvitegravir

integrase inhibitors

drugs are chemical analogs that insert into the HIV DNA and prevent further addition of new bases. this terminates DNA synthesis and stops viral replication. this is a type of competitive inhibition

binding inhibitors

drugs that interact with reverse transcriptase and block its active site

fusion inhibitor

HIV protease that completes viral assembly is blocked, leading to incomplete and dysfunctional viruses

protease inhibitors

drug that interacts with reverse transcriptase and blocks its active site, changing the shape of the enzyme

fusion inhibitor

where do microbes come from?

in nature, some microbes produce substances that inhibit or kill other microbes that might otherwise compete for these same resources

first synthetic antimicrobial

sulfanilamide

"penicillin for fungi"

echinocandins

CH14 Flashcards

(76 cards)