MICRO TEST 4/28

Question 1

a microorganism enters a host and begins to multiply

Answer 1

infection

Question 2

some infections cause disease, which is:

Answer 2

any deviation from the normal function or structure of the host

Question 3

sign vs symtpom

Answer 3

sign= objective and measured
symptom = subjective, reported by patient

Question 4

contagious vs communicable

Answer 4

communicable = transmissible between individuals.

contagious = EASILY transmissible between individuals

Question 5

nosocomial disease

Answer 5

contracted in hospital setting

Question 6

iatrogenic disease

Answer 6

direct result of medical procedure

Question 7

latent vs chronic

Answer 7

both last for years, but latent disease exhibit a lack of active replication during extended dormant periods

Question 8

periods of disease

Answer 8

incubation, prodromal, period of illness, period of decline, convalescence

Question 9

postulate used to determine whether a particular microorganism is a pathogen

Answer 9

koch’s postulates

Question 10

postulates used to determine what genes contribute to a pathogen’s ability to cause disease

Answer 10

molecular koch’s postulates

Question 11

virulence

Answer 11

degree to which a pathogen can cause disesase

Question 12

how can virulence be quantified

Answer 12

calculating either the infectious dose (ID50) or lethal dose (LD50) of a pathogen on a given population

Question 13

primary vs opportunistic pathogen

Answer 13

primary pathogens are capable of causing disease in a healthy individual, whereas opportunistic pathogens can only cause disease in the immunocompromised individual

Question 14

infections can be classified as local, focal, or systemic depending on

Answer 14

the extent to which the pathogen spreads in the body

Question 15

a secondary infection can sometimes occur if

Answer 15

the host’s defenses or normal microbiota are compromised by a primary infection or abx

Question 16

stages of pathogensis

Answer 16

exposure, adhesion, invasion, infection, transmission

Question 17

pathogens enter the body through ____ and leave through ___

Answer 17

portals of entry, portals of exit

Question 18

virulence

Answer 18

degree to which a pathogen can cause disease and damage to a host

Question 19

bacterial toxins include

Answer 19

endotoxins and exotoxins

Question 20

endotoxin is

Answer 20

the lipid A component of the lipopolysaccharide of the gram-negative cell envelope

Question 21

exotoxins

Answer 21

proteins secreted mainly by gram positive bacteria, but are also secreted by gram-negative bacteria

Question 22

how can bacterial pathogens evade the host’s immune response?

Answer 22

producing capsules to avoid phagocytosis, surviving the intracellular environment of phagocytes, degrading antibodies, or through antigenic variation

Question 23

how do viruses intiate infections

Answer 23

adhesins

Question 24

how do viruses avoid immune defenses

Answer 24

antigenic variation

Question 25

how do influenza viruses avoid being recognized by the immune system

Answer 25

antigenic drift, antigenic shift

Question 26

antigenic shift vs antigenic drift

Answer 26

antigenic drift results in small mutations to a virus's gene, antigenic shift is much more dramatic and responsible for new strains of the virus

Question 27

how do fungi intiate infections

Answer 27

interaction of adhesins with receptors on host cells

Question 28

how to fungi protect themselves from phagocytosis

Answer 28

producing toxins, exoenzymes, or capsules

Question 29

morbidity vs mortality

Answer 29

being in a state of illness vs dying from illness

Question 30

incidence

Answer 30

number of new cases (morbidity or mortality), usually expressed as a proportion, during a specified time period

Question 31

prevalence

Answer 31

total number affected in a population, usually expressed as a proportion

Question 32

sporadic disease

Answer 32

occurs rarely and largely without a geographic focus

Question 33

examples of reservoirs of human disease

Answer 33

humans, animals, soil, water, inanimate objects/materials

Question 34

contact transmission can be direct or indirect through physical contact with either

Answer 34

an infected host (direct) or contact with a fomite that an infected host has made contact with previously (indirect)

Question 35

vector transmission

Answer 35

occurs when a living organism carries an infectious agent on its body (mechanical) or as an infection host itself (biological) to a new hsot

Question 36

vehicle transmission

Answer 36

occurs when a substance, such as soil, water, or air, carries an infectious agent to a new host

Question 37

staphylococcus and streptococcous cause many different types of skin infections, many of which occur when

Answer 37

bacteria breach the skin barrier through a cut or wound

Question 38

S. aureus are frequently associated with purulent skin infections that manifest as

Answer 38

folliculitis, furuncles, or carbuncles

Question 39

s aureus is a leading cause of SSSS:

Answer 39

staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome

Question 40

Why are community and hospital acquired staph infections an ongoing problem?

Answer 40

many people are asymptomatic carriers

Question 41

Group A strep (GAS) is often responsible for cases of

Answer 41

cellulitis, erysipelas, erythema, nosodum, necrotizing fasciitis

Question 42

erythema rashes

Answer 42

erythema multiforme, erythema marginatum, erythema nosodum, erythema migrans, erythema infectiosum

Question 43

erythema multiforme

Answer 43

target like lesions infectious, medication, autoimmune

Question 44

erythema marginatum

Answer 44

macule with central eclearing spares face rheumatic fever

Question 45

erythema nosodum

Answer 45

inflammatory nodules infectious, autoimmune, medication, pregnancy

Question 46

erythema migrans

Answer 46

bull's eye appearance, lyme disease

Question 47

erythema infectiosum

Answer 47

slapped cheek appearance circumoral pallor parvovirus b19 infection

Question 48

herpes keratitis

Answer 48

herpesvirus has spread to eye

Question 49

mycoses of the skin can be

Answer 49

cutaneous, subcutaneous, or systemic

Question 50

tinea corporis

Answer 50

ringworm

Question 51

acanthamoeba keratitis

Answer 51

parasitic infection of the eye that often results from improper care of contact lens

Question 52

mycoplasma pneumonia

Answer 52

Mycoplasma pneumonia results from infection by Mycoplasma pneumoniae; it can spread quickly, but the disease is mild and self- limiting

Question 53

tuberculosis infection leads to production of ____ in the alveoli and calcified _____ complexes that can harbor the bacteria for a long time.

Answer 53

protective tubercules ghon

Question 54

tb drugs

Answer 54

rifampin, isoniazid, ethambutol, pyrazinamide, moxifloxacin

Question 55

the common cold can be caused by more than 200 viruses, typically

Answer 55

rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, adenoviruses

Question 56

how many flu vaccines are developed annually

Answer 56

2

Question 57

key to influenza are glycoprotein spikes :

Answer 57

hemagglutinin (H) neuraminidiase (N)

Question 58

true or false: hemagglutinin is the most important virulence factor of influenza virus

Answer 58

true

Question 59

which flu strain only undergoes antigenic drift, not shift

Answer 59

B

Question 60

which flu strain only causes minor respiratory disease and is not thought to be involved in epidemcis

Answer 60

C

Question 61

which flu strain was chillin the birds

Answer 61

A

Question 62

flu diagnosis

Answer 62

rapid immunofluorescence test serological testing (titer)

Question 63

flu treatment

Answer 63

control symptoms, amantadine, rimantadine, zanamivir, oseltamivir (tamiflu)