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physics > ch15 - atomic structure > Flashcards

ch15 - atomic structure Flashcards

1
Q

pum pudding model of the atom

A

a model thsat pictured the atom as a positive sphere of pudding with small negatively charged plums embedded in it

JJ Thomson

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2
Q

electron charge

A

-1.6 * 10^-19 C

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3
Q

nuclear model of the atom

A

a model that pictures the atom having a very small positively charged nucleus that carries almost all of the mass of the atom surrounded by the much smaller, negatively charged electrons

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4
Q

nucleus

A

the very small, very dense positively charged centre of an atom

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5
Q

a-scattering experiment

A

. a particle source encased in metal with a small arpeture (for fine beam of a particles)
. air in apparatus pumped out to leave a vaccum (a-radiation is easily absorbed by few cm of air)
. choosing a gold foil (can be made into very thin sheet)
. a-particles strike a solid scintillating material (give a flash of like, these are counted)
. detector moved around (to detect a particles at different angles)

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6
Q

radius of proton/nuetron

A

10^-15 m

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7
Q

radius of nucleus

A

10^-15 m to 10^-14 m

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8
Q

radius of atom

A

10^-10 m

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9
Q

radius of molecule

A

10^-10 m to 10^-6 m

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10
Q

mass of proton/neutron

A

1.67 * 10^-27 kg

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11
Q

mass of eletron

A

9.11 * 10^-31 kg

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12
Q

volume of sphere

A

v = 4/3 * pi * r³

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13
Q

density

A

mass/volume

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14
Q

relative mass

A

proton - 1
neutron - 1
electron - 0.005
a particle - 4

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15
Q

relative charge

A

proton => +e
neutron => 0
electron => -e
a particle => +2e

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16
Q

nucleon

A

a general term to describe the particles in a nucleus (protons and neutrons)

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17
Q

nucleon number

A

the total number of neutrons and protons in the nucleus of an atom

symbol = A

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18
Q

unified atomic mass unit

A

one twelfth of the mass of a carbon 12 atom

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19
Q

nuclide

A

a specific combination of protons and neutrons in a nucleus

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20
Q

isotopes

A

nuclei of the same element with different numbers of neutrons but same number of protons

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21
Q

hydrogen isotopes

A

1,1 H - protium
2,1 H - deuterium
3,1 H - tritium

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22
Q

ion

A

an atom that has lost or gained onefv or more electrons, so that it is electrically charged

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23
Q

strong nuclear force

A

a fundamental force that acts between particles such as protons and neutrons, but does not affect particles like electrons

. acts over small distances
. holds nucleus together

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24
Q

all elements with proton number > 83

A

. are unstable
. undergo radioactive decay

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25
more protons
. more electric forces . more neutrons needed to keep them apart thus heavy nuclei have neutrons > protons
26
three types of radiation emitted by radioactive substances
. alpha . beta . gamma
27
where do the three main types of radiation come from
the unstable nuclei of atoms
28
each radiation's mass (relative to proton)
a = 4 B- = 1/1840 B+ = 1/1840 y = 0
29
each radiation's charge
a = +2e B- = -e B+ = +e y = 0
30
each radiation's typical speed
a = slow (10^6 ms-1) B- = fast (10^8 ms-1) B+ = fast (10^8 ms-1) y = speed of light
31
which types of radiation are particles of matter
a and B
32
which types of radiation are photons of electromagnetic radiation
y (and x rays)
33
essentially what is an a particle
He - 4 nulceus
34
essentially what is an B+ particle
electron
35
essentially what is an B- particle
positron
36
which radiation particle has highest penetrating power
y (then B, then a)
37
a - radiation
. slow moving and large . very stable (He 2+ ions) . short range . not penetrative (lose energy rapidly) . cause ionisation
38
B - radiation
. fast electrons . very small . charge carrier . less ionisation . penetrate further into matter . occurs when imbalance of p and neutrons (neutron -> p [IF EXCESS decay into neutron, emits positron] + e [expelled])
39
positron
the antiparticle of the electron, has the same mass as the electron but has a charge +e
40
beta plus decay
the emission of a positron as a proton decays into a neutron
41
beta minus decay
the emission of an electron as a neutron decays into a proton
42
antimatter
material made up of antiparticles of the corresponding particles of ordinary matter
43
first example of antimatter to be identified
positron
44
antiparticle + particle =
2 gamma ray photons which becomes pure energy
45
example of particle and antiparticle
positron and electron
46
gamma radiation
. speed in vacuum =3*10^8 . high frequency . small ionisation . highly penetrative . emitted following a/B decay
47
what is one electronvolt
1 eV is the energy transferred when an electron travels through a potential difference of on volt
48
what is the value of 1eV
1.6 * 10^-19J
49
electron antineutrino
an antiparticle that is given off with B- decay with virtually no rest mass and no charge, symbol = ¯v (nu bar)
50
electron neutrino
a particle that is given off with B+ decay with virtually no rest mass and no charge, symbol = v (nu)
51
electron neutrino and antineutrino was hypothesised by
Wolfgang Pauli
52
in radioactive decay is mass conserved
NO, it is lost and turned to kinetic energy
53
are p, n, e the fundamental particles
NO, there are many other particles that have been discovered by: . looking at cosmic rays . looking at the product particles of high energy collisions in particle accelerators
54
which 2 families are subatomic particles divided into
. leptons . hadrons
55
leptons
subatomic particles that are not affected by the strong nuclear force and are believed to be fundamental
56
lepton examples
. electrons . neutrinos
57
hadrons
subatomic particles made up of quarks that are affected by the strong nuclear force
58
hadron examples
. protons . neutrons
59
quarks
fundamental particles that made up hadrons
60
properties of quarks
. have charges less than fundamental charge . never found outside hadron . 6 types (with properties)
61
types of hadrons
. baryons . mesons
62
baryon
. hadrons made up of 3 quarks . eg. proton (uud), neutron (udd)
63
mesons
. hadron made up of quarks and antiquarks . eg pi+ (u¯d)
64
decay of down quark into up quark in B- decay
d --> u + e- + ¯v
65
what feels strong nuclear force
hadrons
66
what feels weak nuclear force
hadrons and leptons
67
what causes B- decay
hadron --> different hadron + lepton + antilepton

physics (17 decks)

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