CH2

Question 1

who pioneered the use of a statistical concept central to psychological experimentation and testing: the coefficient of correlation

half-cousin of Charles Darwin

Answer 1

Francis Galton

Question 2

who developed the product-moment correlation technique?

Answer 2

Karl Pearson

Question 3

who is credited with coining the term “mental test”?

Answer 3

James McKeen Cattell

Question 4

who is the little-known founder of clinical psychology? and why?

Answer 4

Lightner Witmer because he treated a chronic bad speller

Question 5

what instrument was the first widely used self-report measure of personality?

Answer 5

the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

Question 6

this term refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self-monitoring thoughts or behaviors.

Answer 6

self-report

Question 7

what were the shortcomings of the self-report method of personality assessment?

Answer 7

People might honestly believe some things about themselves that in reality are not true

Respondents may have poor insight into themselves

Some respondents are unwilling to reveal anything about themselves that is personal or that could show them in a negative light

Question 8

this term refers to the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people

Answer 8

culture

Question 9

who researched about mental tests and immigrants and fueled the fire of an ongoing nature–nurture debate about what intelligence tests actually measure?

HE COINED THE TERM MORON

Answer 9

Henry H. Goddard

Question 10

what is the most basic part of an assessment?

Answer 10

communication between assessor and assessee

Question 11

are messages conveyed by body language different from culture to culture? give an example

Answer 11

yes, an example of this would be when Americans take failure to make eye contact as being deceitful but in other cultures it is a sign of respect

Question 12

how was Freud influenced by where he lived?

Answer 12

since Freud lived in Victorian Vienna, a place where sex was not a subject for public discussion his sexual basis for thoughts and behaviors were a product of the sexually repressed culture he lived in

Question 13

this type of culture is characterized by
value being placed on traits such as self-reliance, autonomy, independence, uniqueness, and competitiveness

Answer 13

individualist culture

Question 14

in this type of culture, value is placed on traits such as conformity,
cooperation, interdependence, and striving toward group goals

Answer 14

collectivist culture

Question 15

this term refers to voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state, and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all in education and employment

Answer 15

affirmative action

Question 16

what does affirmative action seek to do?

Answer 16

Affirmative action seeks to create equal opportunity actively, not passively

Question 17

this term refers to rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole—or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole.

Some ______ are and have been relatively uncontroversial

Answer 17

laws

Question 18

a body of _____ is a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct

Answer 18

ethics

Question 19

this term is recognized and accepted by members of a profession, it defines the standard of care expected of members of that profession

Answer 19

code of professional ethics

Question 20

this term refers to the level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions.

Answer 20

standard of care

Question 21

these are formal testing programs
designed to be used in decisions regarding various aspects of students’ education

Answer 21

minimum competency testing programs

Question 22

what is Gottfredson’s point about the reversal of achievement standards?

Answer 22

Gottfredson (2000) makes the point that those who advocate reversal of achievement standards obtain “nothing of lasting value by eliminating valid tests.” For her, lowering standards amounts to hindering progress “while providing only the illusion of progress.” Rather than reversing achievement standards, society is best served by action to reverse other trends with deleterious effects (such as trends in family structure).

Question 23

this selection procedure selects fixed number or percentage of applicants from certain backgrounds

Answer 23

quota system

Question 24

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for positions

Answer 24

discrimination

Question 25

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systematically tend to favor racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual qualifications for positions.

Answer 25

reverse discrimination

Question 26

this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome

Answer 26

disparate treatment

Question 27

this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that unintentionally yielded a discriminatory result or outcome

Answer 27

disparate treatment

Question 28

what is litigation?

Answer 28

litigation is the court-mediated resolution of legal matters of a civil, criminal, or administrative nature

Question 29

JUST THINK: Who should be privy to test data? Who should be able to purchase psychological test materials? Who is qualified to administer, score, and interpret psychological tests? What level of expertise in psychometrics qualifies someone to administer which types of tests?

Answer 29

1. the test taker and test administerer 2. test administerers 3. psychometricians and psychologist with licenses and certification 4. i don't know

Question 30

what does the report called Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids talk about the levels of tests in terms of the degree to which the test's use required knowledge of testing and psychology?

Answer 30

it contained three levels: A, B, and C Level A: Tests or aids that can adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation to the kind of institution or organization in which one is working (for instance, achievement or proficiency tests). Level B: Tests or aids that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields such as statistics, individual differences, psychology of adjustment, personnel psychology, and guidance (e.g., aptitude tests and adjustment inventories applicable to normal populations). Level C: Tests and aids that require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices (for instance, projective tests, individual mental tests).

Question 31

JUST THINK: Why is it essential for the terms psychological testing and psychological assessment to be defined and differentiated in state licensing laws?

Answer 31

open-ended

Question 32

JUST THINK: Describe a scenario in which knowledge of the experimenter’s hypotheses would probably invalidate the data gathered.

Answer 32

it can be with a hypothesis like ours during experimental psych where we predicted that the presence of group consensus would significantly affect their performance. a test-taker's knowledge of our hypotheses would just invalidate the data due to how they would choose to not mind the group consensus because they know now that we put it there to impact their performance

Question 33

this concept recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for himself the time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to which he wishes to share or withhold from others his attitudes, beliefs, behavior, and opinions

Answer 33

privacy right

Question 34

JUST THINK: Psychologists may be compelled by court order to reveal privileged communications. What types of situations might result in such a court order?

Answer 34

maybe in cases that have premeditated murder involved?

Question 35

what is the difference between confidentiality and privilege?

Answer 35

confidentiality concerns matters of communication outside the courtroom, privilege protects clients from disclosure in judicial proceedings

Question 36

this test is one in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation.

Answer 36

projective test

Question 37

who made the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

Answer 37

Lewis Terman

Question 38

is the Frenchman who would collaborate with Alfred Binet on papers suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure higher mental processes

Answer 38

Victor Henri

Question 39

what are the four humours?

Answer 39

sanguine (extroverted) choleric (angry and short-tempered) melancholic (depressive) phlegmatic (sluggish)

Question 40

who had anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science?

Answer 40

Christian von Wolff

Question 41

Who is credited with originating the concept of test reliability and building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis?

Answer 41

Charles Spearman