CH2

Question 1

who pioneered the use of a statistical concept central to psychological experimentation and testing: the coefficient of correlation

half-cousin of Charles Darwin

Answer 1

Francis Galton

Question 2

who developed the product-moment correlation technique?

Answer 2

Karl Pearson

Question 3

who is credited with coining the term “mental test”?

Answer 3

James McKeen Cattell

Question 4

who is the little-known founder of clinical psychology? and why?

Answer 4

Lightner Witmer because he treated a chronic bad speller

Question 5

what instrument was the first widely used self-report measure of personality?

Answer 5

the Woodworth Psychoneurotic Inventory

Question 6

this term refers to a process whereby assessees themselves supply assessment-related information by responding to questions, keeping a diary, or self-monitoring thoughts or behaviors.

Answer 6

self-report

Question 7

what were the shortcomings of the self-report method of personality assessment?

Answer 7

People might honestly believe some things about themselves that in reality are not true

Respondents may have poor insight into themselves

Some respondents are unwilling to reveal anything about themselves that is personal or that could show them in a negative light

Question 8

this term refers to the socially transmitted behavior patterns, beliefs, and products of work of a particular population, community, or group of people

Answer 8

culture

Question 9

who researched about mental tests and immigrants and fueled the fire of an ongoing nature–nurture debate about what intelligence tests actually measure?

HE COINED THE TERM MORON

Answer 9

Henry H. Goddard

Question 10

what is the most basic part of an assessment?

Answer 10

communication between assessor and assessee

Question 11

how was Freud influenced by where he lived?

Answer 11

since Freud lived in Victorian Vienna, a place where sex was not a subject for public discussion his sexual basis for thoughts and behaviors were a product of the sexually repressed culture he lived in

Question 12

this type of culture is characterized by
value being placed on traits such as self-reliance, autonomy, independence, uniqueness, and competitiveness

Answer 12

individualist culture

Question 13

in this type of culture, value is placed on traits such as conformity,
cooperation, interdependence, and striving toward group goals

Answer 13

collectivist culture

Question 14

this term refers to voluntary and mandatory efforts undertaken by federal, state, and local governments, private employers, and schools to combat discrimination and to promote equal opportunity for all in education and employment

Answer 14

affirmative action

Question 15

what does affirmative action seek to do?

Answer 15

Affirmative action seeks to create equal opportunity actively, not passively

Question 16

this term refers to rules that individuals must obey for the good of the society as a whole—or rules thought to be for the good of society as a whole.

Some ______ are and have been relatively uncontroversial

Answer 16

laws

Question 17

a body of _____ is a body of principles of right, proper, or good conduct

Answer 17

ethics

Question 18

this term is recognized and accepted by members of a profession, it defines the standard of care expected of members of that profession

Answer 18

code of professional ethics

Question 19

this term refers to the level at which the average, reasonable, and prudent professional would provide diagnostic or therapeutic services under the same or similar conditions.

Answer 19

standard of care

Question 20

these are formal testing programs
designed to be used in decisions regarding various aspects of students’ education

Answer 20

minimum competency testing programs

Question 21

this selection procedure selects fixed number or percentage of applicants from certain backgrounds

Answer 21

quota system

Question 22

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that tend to systematically favor members of a majority group regardless of actual qualifications for positions

Answer 22

discrimination

Question 23

this term refers to the practice of making distinctions in hiring, promotion, or other selection decisions that systematically tend to favor racially, ethnically, socioeconomically, or culturally diverse persons regardless of actual qualifications for positions.

Answer 23

reverse discrimination

Question 24

this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that was intentionally devised to yield some discriminatory result or outcome

Answer 24

disparate treatment

Question 25

this term refers to the consequence of an employer’s hiring or promotion practice that unintentionally yielded a discriminatory result or outcome

Answer 25

disparate treatment

Question 26

what is litigation?

Answer 26

litigation is the court-mediated resolution of legal matters of a civil, criminal, or administrative nature

Question 27

what does the report called Ethical Standards for the Distribution of Psychological Tests and Diagnostic Aids talk about the levels of tests in terms of the degree to which the test's use required knowledge of testing and psychology?

Answer 27

it contained three levels: A, B, and C Level A: Tests or aids that can adequately be administered, scored, and interpreted with the aid of the manual and a general orientation to the kind of institution or organization in which one is working (for instance, achievement or proficiency tests). Level B: Tests or aids that require some technical knowledge of test construction and use and of supporting psychological and educational fields such as statistics, individual differences, psychology of adjustment, personnel psychology, and guidance (e.g., aptitude tests and adjustment inventories applicable to normal populations). Level C: Tests and aids that require substantial understanding of testing and supporting psychological fields together with supervised experience in the use of these devices (for instance, projective tests, individual mental tests).

Question 28

JUST THINK: Why is it essential for the terms psychological testing and psychological assessment to be defined and differentiated in state licensing laws?

Answer 28

open-ended

Question 29

JUST THINK: Describe a scenario in which knowledge of the experimenter’s hypotheses would probably invalidate the data gathered.

Answer 29

it can be with a hypothesis like ours during experimental psych where we predicted that the presence of group consensus would significantly affect their performance. a test-taker's knowledge of our hypotheses would just invalidate the data due to how they would choose to not mind the group consensus because they know now that we put it there to impact their performance

Question 30

this concept recognizes the freedom of the individual to pick and choose for himself the time, circumstances, and particularly the extent to which he wishes to share or withhold from others his attitudes, beliefs, behavior, and opinions

Answer 30

privacy right

Question 31

JUST THINK: Psychologists may be compelled by court order to reveal privileged communications. What types of situations might result in such a court order?

Answer 31

maybe in cases that have premeditated murder involved?

Question 32

what is the difference between confidentiality and privilege?

Answer 32

confidentiality concerns matters of communication outside the courtroom, privilege protects clients from disclosure in judicial proceedings

Question 33

this test is one in which an individual is assumed to “project” onto some ambiguous stimulus his or her own unique needs, fears, hopes, and motivation.

Answer 33

projective test

Question 34

who made the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale?

Answer 34

Lewis Terman

Question 35

is the Frenchman who would collaborate with Alfred Binet on papers suggesting how mental tests could be used to measure higher mental processes

Answer 35

Victor Henri

Question 36

what are the four humours?

Answer 36

sanguine (extroverted) choleric (angry and short-tempered) melancholic (depressive) phlegmatic (sluggish)

Question 37

who had anticipated psychology as a science and psychological measurement as a specialty within that science?

Answer 37

Christian von Wolff

Question 38

Who is credited with originating the concept of test reliability and building the mathematical framework for the statistical technique of factor analysis?

Answer 38

Charles Spearman