CH2 Part 1 Flashcards
cardiovascular system
Cardiovascular system include
心血管系统
heart, blood vessels, and blood. (pump blood and provides the force to perfuse灌流 working tissues during physical activity)
respiratory system includes
呼吸系统
airways and lungs
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
energy in the form of adenosine
triphosphate (ATP) can be produced for cellular
work
myocardium 心肌层
The muscular walls of the heart
myocytes 心室肌细胞
composed primarily of cardiac muscle cells,
heart has four chambers
two upper chambers are the right and left atria（心房）,
and the two lower chambers are the right and left ventricles （心室）
atria（心房）
receive blood
ventricles（心室）
eject blood to the body through great
vessels (pulmonary artery and aorta). The heart
is functionally separated into the right side and
the left side.
pulmonary circulation（肺循环）
The right ventricle pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
systemic circulation（体循环）
and the left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to
the rest of the body
interventricular septum 心室间隔
separated the sides of the heart are physically
intercalated discs 心肌闰run盘
specialized membrane structures and functionally connected the adjacent （临近） myocytes
key point ：During prolonged 延长 tactical activities
During prolonged 延长 tactical activities, cardiac
output must be increased and then maintained
at high levels to supply working muscle with
needed oxygen
heart rate (HR).
frequency with which the heart beats （ approximately 70 times per minute at rest but can increase up to approximately 200 beats/min in young adults during maximal exercise.
stroke volume (SV) 每搏输出量
The amount of
blood pumped from the heart with each beat is the
stroke volume (SV). SV averages approximately 70
ml per beat in healthy young men and can increase
to about 140 ml with maximal exercise
SV is the difference between EDV
and ESV (SV = EDV − ESV).
Cardiac output (Q.）心排出量
Cardiac output (Q.
) is the product of HR × SV
and represents the amount of blood pumped each
minute; essentially, it is a measure of blood flow
through the cardiovascular system each minute.
Cardiac output at rest is approximately 5 L/min,
but this increases dramatically during exercise,
reaching values of 25 to 30 L
diastole 心房舒张期
The alternating periods of relaxation,
systole, 心脏收缩
contraction, or allow the heart to fill with
blood and then pump the blood into the circulation.
end-diastolic volume (EDV). 舒张末期血流速度
. The amount of blood that returns to the
ventricles at the end of the filling period (diastole)
is the
end-systolic volume (ESV).
The amount of blood that remains in the ventricle after the contraction period (systole) is the
Sinoatrial窦房 (SA) node
initiates electrical impulses. Often known as the pacemaker of the heart
Atrioventricular心房与心室 (AV) node
the signal travels from the SA node to the AV node via the internodal pathway. The electrical signal is delayed
briefly (~0.1 second) at the AV node before the
signal is transmitted to the ventricles.
Atrioventricular心房与心室 (AV) bundle
the only connection for electrical signals between the atria and ventricles. The AV bundle is also called
the bundle of His
Left and right bundle branches
—carry the signal to the apex (bottom) of the heart and
to the right and left ventricles.
