CH.20 ANTIMICROBIAL DRUGS

Question 1

selectively finding and destroying pathogens without damaging the host

Answer 1

Selective toxicity

Question 2

the use of chemicals to treat a disease

Answer 2

Chemotherapy

Question 3

a substance produced by a microbe that, in small amounts, inhibits another microbe

Answer 3

Antibiotic

Question 4

synthetic substances that interfere with the growth of microbes

Answer 4

Antimicrobial drugs:

Question 5

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 5

coined the term chemotherapy

Question 6

Alexander Fleming

Answer 6

discovered penicillin,

Question 7

drugs that affect a narrow range of microbial types

Answer 7

Narrow spectrum of microbial activity

Question 8

affect a broad range of gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria

Answer 8

Broad-spectrum antibiotics

Question 9

overgrowth of normal microbiota that is resistant to antibiotics

Answer 9

super infection

Question 10

Antibacterial drugs target eukaryotic or prokaryotic?

Answer 10

Prokaryotic

Question 11

Narrow-spectrum drugs affect only a select group of microbes; why?

Answer 11

Less likely to cause superinfections

Small, hydrophilic drugs can affect gram-negative cells.

Question 12

Broad-spectrum drugs affect a more diverse range of microbes.
why?

Answer 12

Harm normal microbiota

More likely to result in superinfections

Question 13

Major Action Modes of Antibacterial Drugs?

Answer 13

inhibition of cell wall synthesis (β-Lactam Penicillins prevent crosslinking of peptidoglycan)

inhibition of protein synthesis
inhibition nucleic acid and replication
injury to plasma membrane
inhibition of essential metabolite synthesis

Question 14

The monobactam aztreonam affects only ?

Answer 14

gram-negative bacteria

Question 15

Carbapenems

Answer 15

are broad-spectrum antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis.

Question 16

inhibit cell wall synthesis and are used against penicillin-resistant strains.

Answer 16

Cephalosporins

Question 17

Polypeptides such as bacitracin inhibit ?

Answer 17

transport of cell wall subunits across membrane in gram-positive bacteria.

Question 18

inhibits Nam/Nag subunit integration and may be used to kill penicillinase-producing staphylococci

Answer 18

Vancomycin

Question 19

Isoniazid (INH) and ethambutol inhibit ?

Answer 19

cell wall synthesis in mycobacteria

Question 20

Inhibiting protein synthesis

does what?

Answer 20

Target bacterial 70S ribosomes
Chloramphenicol (Binds to 50S portion ),

erythromycin,

streptomycin (changes shape of 30s portion),

tetracyclines (Interfere with attachment of
tRNA to mRNA–ribosome )

Question 21

Injuring the plasma membrane?

and best used as a ?

Answer 21

Polypeptide and Ionophores damage plasma membrane allow uncontrolled movement of cations

Best used as a topical antibiotic

Question 22

what do Agents affecting fungal membrane sterols do?

Answer 22

Interrupt the synthesis of ergosterol, making the membrane excessively permeable

Question 23

Agents affecting fungal cell walls

Answer 23

Inhibit the synthesis of β-glucan

Question 24

Agents inhibiting nucleic acids

Answer 24

cytosine analog interferes with RNA synthesis

Question 25

What sterol in the cell membrane of fungi is the most common target for antifungal action

Answer 25

ergosterol

Question 26

block host cell receptors

Answer 26

Entry inhibitors

Question 27

competitive substrate inhibitors lacking 3’OH (Ex. Acyclovir)

Answer 27

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 28

non-competitive inhibitor of reverse transcriptase

Answer 28

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Question 29

: inhibit integration of viral DNA into host DNA

Answer 29

Viral integrase inhibitor

Question 30

inhibit maturation of viral particles

Answer 30

Viral protease inhibitor

Question 31

inhibit neuraminidase, an enzyme required for some viruses to bud from the host cell

Answer 31

Exit inhibitors

Question 32

Produced by viral-infected cells to inhibit further spread of the infection

Answer 32

Interferons

Question 33

Quinine and chloroquine

Answer 33

Treat malaria | anti-protozoan

Question 34

Kills Plasmodium that causes malaria

Answer 34

Artemisinin | anti-protozoan

Question 35

Also interferes with anaerobic bacteria | Treats Trichomonas, giardiasis, and amebic dysentery

Answer 35

Metronidazole | anti-protozoan

Question 36

Inhibits cytochrome oxidase in mitochondria | Treats amebic encephalitis, and leishmaniasis

Answer 36

Miltefosine | anti-protozoan

Question 37

Niclosamide

Answer 37

Prevents ATP production | Treats tapeworms

Question 38

Alters membrane permeability | Treats tapeworms and flukes

Answer 38

Praziquantel

Question 39

Interfere with nutrient absorption | Treat intestinal helminths

Answer 39

Mebendazole and albendazole

Question 40

Paralysis of helminths | Treats roundworms and mites

Answer 40

Ivermectin

Question 41

Determines the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) | Lowest antibiotic concentration preventing bacterial growth

Answer 41

E TEST

Question 42

Determine the MIC and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of an antimicrobial drug

Answer 42

BROTH DILUTION TESTS

Question 43

Reports that record the susceptibility of organisms encountered clinically

Answer 43

Antibiograms

Question 44

microbes with genetic characteristics allowing for their survival when exposed to an antibiotic

Answer 44

Persister cells

Question 45

bacteria that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics

Answer 45

Superbugs

Question 46

Resistance genes are often spread horizontally among bacteria on ....?

Answer 46

plasmids or transposons via conjugation or transduction

Question 47

What are some mechanisms that bacteria exhibit to resistance of antibiotic

Answer 47

rapid ejection of antibiotic change surface receptors alternate metabolic pathways destroy the drug or inactiivate the drug through enzymatic activity

Question 48

what are some common antibiotic misuses?

Answer 48

Using outdated or weakened antibiotics Using antibiotics for the common cold and other inappropriate conditions Using antibiotics in animal feed Failing to complete the prescribed regimen Using someone else’s leftover prescription

Question 49

the effect of two drugs together is greater than the effect of either alone

Answer 49

Synergism

Question 50

the effect of two drugs together is less than the effect of either alone

Answer 50

Antagonism

Question 51

future of chemotherapeutic agents? | antimicrobial peptides produced by bacteria? produced by various organisms?

Answer 51

target virulence factors sequester iron with feeds pathogens Bacteriocines Antimicrobial peptides