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Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE > Ch.23 Digestive tract > Flashcards

Ch.23 Digestive tract Flashcards

1
Q

Glands in the _____ and body produce most gastric juice

A

fundus

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2
Q

Glands in the stomach include _____ cells

A

secretory

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3
Q

“Secrete thin, acidic mucus of unknown function” describes….

A

Mucous neck cells

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4
Q

Which cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid?

A

Parietal cells

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5
Q

What is the pH range of the stomach?

A

1.5-3.5

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6
Q

What does HCl do in the stomach?

A

Denatures protein, activates pepsin, breaks down plant cell walls, and kills many bacteria

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7
Q

“Denatures protein, activates pepsin, breaks down plant cell walls, and kills many bacteria” This is the function of _______ in the stomach

A

Hydrochloric acid

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8
Q

Is the stomach acidic or basic?

A

acidic

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9
Q

Parietal cells secrete the ______ ______, a molecule (glycoprotein) that is fundamental for the absorption of B12

A

intrinsic factor

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10
Q

Which cells secrete the intrinsic factor in the stomach?

A

parietal cells

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11
Q

_____ cells in the stomach secrete pepsinogen

A

Chief cells

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12
Q

“Inactive enzyme that is activates to pepsin by HCl and pepsin itself (positive feedback mechanism)” this describes….

A

Pepsinogen

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13
Q

Chief cells secrete pepsinogen as well as ______

A

lipases

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14
Q

Pepsinogen turns into pepsin by reacting with _____

A

HCl

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15
Q

_________ cells secrete chemical messengers into lamina propria

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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16
Q

Why do we have a mucosal barrier?

A

Because harsh digestive conditions….

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17
Q

The _____ ______ protects the stomach and is created by three factors

A

mucosal barrier

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18
Q

What are the three factors that create the mucosal barrier?

A

Bicarbonate rich-mucus, tight junctions between epithelial cells, and damaged epithelial cells are quickly replaces by division of stem cells

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19
Q

_____ cells of the mucosal barrier are replaced every 3-6 says

A

surface cells

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20
Q

“Inflammation caused by anything that breaches the stomach’s mucosal barrier”

A

Gastritis

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21
Q

______ or _____ ulcers can cause erosions in the stomach wall

A

Peptic or gastric ulcers

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22
Q

Most ulcers are caused by bacterium ______ ______

A

helicobacter pylori

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23
Q

If erosions perforate the stomach wall, this can lead to _______ and _______

A

peritonitis and hemorrhaging

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24
Q

What is the precursor to developing ulcers?

A

Gastritis, which is mucosal inflammation

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25
Q

______ ______ creates urease

A

Heliobacter pylori

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26
Q

The stomach delivers chyme to the small intestine. T or F?

A

True

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27
Q

The stomach denatures proteins by ACH. T or F?

A

False, it’s by HCl

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28
Q

Does pepsin carry out enzymatic digestion of proteins?

A

Yes

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29
Q

The milk protein, _______, is broken down by ______ in infants

A

Casein; rennin

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30
Q

Casein(milk protein) is broken down by rennin in infants. This results in what?

A

A curd-like substance

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31
Q

Lipid-soluble and _____ are absorbed into blood

A

aspirin

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32
Q

The only stomach function essential to life is secretion of intrinsic factor for B12 absorption. T or F

A

True

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33
Q

B12 is needed for RBC’s to _______

A

mature

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34
Q

Lack of _______ _____ causes pernicious anemia

A

intrinsic factor

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35
Q

Gastric mucosa secretes less than ___ L of gastric juice a day

A

less than 3

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36
Q

Gastric mucosa secretion is regulated by……

A

Gastrin and and gastrin antagonists

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37
Q

_____ stimulates the enzyme and HCl secretion

A

Gastrin

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38
Q

What two factors cause pressure to remain constant until at least 1.5L of food is ingested?

A

Receptive relaxation and gastric accommodation

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39
Q

_______ _______: reflex-mediated relaxation of smooth muscle coordinated by the swallowing center of brain stem

A

Receptive relaxation

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40
Q

______ ______: intrinsic ability of smooth muscle to exhibit stress-relaxation….finish slide

A

Gastric accommodation

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41
Q

What is vomiting caused by?

A

Extreme stretching, intestinal irritants(bacterial toxins, excessive alcohol, spicy food, certain drugs)…finish slide

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42
Q

How much bile does the liver produce per day?

A

approx. 900mL

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43
Q

Does the spleen store glucose as glycogen and make plasma proteins?

A

No, the liver does

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44
Q

Does the liver store fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Yes

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45
Q

Bile is a yellow green, ________ solution

A

alkaline

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46
Q

_____ ______: cholesterol derivatives that function in fat emulsification and absorption

A

Bile salts

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47
Q

Bile contains what?

A

Bile salts

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48
Q

Hepatitis is usually a ______ infection

A

viral

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49
Q

Hepatitis can be caused by drug toxicity and poisoning from what?

A

Wild mushroom

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50
Q

“Progressive, chronic inflammation from chronic hepatitis or alcoholism” This describes _____.

A

Cirrhosis

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51
Q

Liver —–> fatty, fibrous ——> ______ ______

A

portal hypertension

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52
Q

The gallbladder will be on the exam*

A

(-:

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53
Q

Biliary calculi, also known as _______, are caused by too much cholesterol or too few bile salts

A

gallstones

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54
Q

_______ are painful when the gallbladder contracts against sharp crystals

A

Gallstones

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55
Q

What is obstructive jaundice?

A

Blockage that can cause bile salts and pigments to build up in blood, resulting in jaundiced skin.

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56
Q

______ can also be caused by liver failure

A

Jaundice

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57
Q

What is the treatment for gallstones?

A

Crystal-dissolving drugs, ultrasound vibrations, laser vaporization, or surgery

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58
Q

Lithotripsy is ______ ______, which is a treatment for gallstones

A

ultrasound vibrations

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59
Q

Which organ is the most retroperitoneal?

A

Pancreas

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60
Q

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

A

To produce pancreatic juice

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61
Q

_____ is found on the pancreas and is a cluster of secretory cells that produce zymogen granules containing proenzymes

A

Acini

62
Q

Which part of the pancreas produces zymogen granules?

A

Acini

63
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas?

A

Secretion of insulin and glucagon by pancreatic islet cells

64
Q

How much pancreatic juice is produced a day?

A

1200-1500mL/day

65
Q

“Continuous muscular tube that runs from the mouth to the anus” this describes the

A

Alimentary canal

66
Q

What are the three other names for the alimentary canal?

A

Gastrointestinal, GI tract, or gut

67
Q

What are the six essential activities of the digestive process?

A

Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, digestion, absorption, and defecation

68
Q

Step one of the six essential activities is simply ____

A

eating

69
Q

What is the second essential activity?

A

Propulsion: movement of food through the alimentary canal

70
Q

Propulsion includes ______ and peristalsis

A

swallowing

71
Q

What is peristalsis?

A

The major means of propulsion of food that involves alternating waves of contraction and relaxation

72
Q

the __ step, mechanical breakdown, includes chewing, mixing food with ____, churning food in stomach, and segmentation

A

3rd, mixing food with saliva

73
Q

What is segmentation? which step does it occur in?

A

3rd step. It is the local constriction of intestine that mixes food with digestive juices

74
Q

The 4th step, ______, is a series of catabolic steps that involves enzymes that break down complex food molecules into chemical building blocks

A

Digestion

75
Q

_______, the 5th step, is the passage of digested fragments from lumen of GI tract into blood or lymph

A

Absorption

76
Q

______, the 6th and final step, is elimination of indigestible substances via anus in form of feces

A

Defecation

77
Q

______: serous membranes of abdominal cavity

A

Peritoneum

78
Q

The peritoneum consists of the ______ and ________ peritoneum

A

visceral and parietal peritoneum

79
Q

Which peritoneum is the membrane on the external surface of most digestive organs?

A

Visceral

80
Q

Which peritoneum is the membrane that lines the body wall?

A

Parietal

81
Q

What is the function of the peritoneal cavity?

A

The fluid lubricates mobile organs

82
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

A double layer of peritoneum, layers are fused back to back

83
Q

“Extends from body wall to digestive organs” this describes the ______

A

Mesentery

84
Q

“Provides routes for blood vessels, lymphatics, and nerves” this describes the _____

A

mesentery

85
Q

“Holds organs in place and also stores fat” this describes the _____

A

mesentery

86
Q

________ organs: organs that are located within the peritoneum

A

Intraperitoneal

87
Q

_____ organs: located outside, or posterior to the peritoneum

A

Retroperitoneal

88
Q

Which organs are retroperitoneal?

A

Pancreas, duodenum, and parts of large intestine

89
Q

Inflammation of the peritoneum is called ______

A

peritonitis

90
Q

What causes peritonitis?

A

Piercing abdominal wound, perforating ulcer, or ruptured appendix

91
Q

With peritonitis, what structure helps localize infection?

A

The peritoneal coverings, which stick together

92
Q

Can peritonitis become lethal?

A

Yes, if it becomes widespread

93
Q

What is the treatment for peritonitis?

A

Debris removal and megadoses of antibiotics

94
Q

All digestiv organs have the same four basic layers or “tunics” what are they?

A

Mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, and serosa

95
Q

Which tunic lines lumen?

A

Mucosa

96
Q

What are the three main functions of the tunics?

A

Secretion, absorption, and protection

97
Q

The mucosa secretes ______, _______ _____, and _______

A

mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones

98
Q

The first tunic, the mucosa, has how many sublayers?

A

three

99
Q

What are the three sublayers that make up the mucosa?

A

Epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae

100
Q

The epithelium layer of the mucosa is simple columnar and has mucus secreting cells in most of tract. T or F

A

True

101
Q

The mouth _____, and anus are made up of stratified squamous epithelium

A

esophagus

102
Q

The _____ of the mucosa secretes mucus which protects digestive organs from enzymes

A

Epithelium

103
Q

The _____ ____ sublayer of the mucosa is made up of loose areolar connective tissue

A

lamina propria

104
Q

What kind of tissue is the lamina propria made up of?

A

Loose areolar connective

105
Q

The lamina propria sublayer of the mucosa has a rich supply of what that is needed for nourishment and absorption?

A

Rich supply of capillaries

106
Q

The _____ _____ also contains lymphoid follicles that help defend against microorganisms.

A

Lamina propria

107
Q

The _____ _____ of the mucosa is the smooth muscle that produces local movements of mucosa

A

Muscularis mucosae

108
Q

The _______ consists of areolar connective tissue and has an abundant amount of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing large meals

A

submucosa

109
Q

The submucosa contains blood and lymphatic vessels, land lymphoid follicles that supply surrounding GI tract tissues. T or F

A

True

110
Q

The mucosa has abundant amounts of elastic tissues that help organs to regain shape after storing large meals. T or F?

A

False, the submucosa contains the elastic tissues

111
Q

Which layer of GI organs is responsible for segmentation and peristalsis?

A

The third, muscularis externa

112
Q

The _____ _____ contains inner circular muscle layer and outer longitudinal layers

A

Muscularis externa

113
Q

Circular layer of the _____ _____ thickens in some areas to form sphincters

A

muscularis externa

114
Q

The outermost layer of GI organs, the ______, is made up of the visceral peritoneum

A

serosa

115
Q

The serosa is formed from what?

A

formed from areolar connective tissue covered with mesothelium in most organs

116
Q

Splanchnic circulation includes _____ _____ circulation, which drains nutrient rich blood from digestive organs and delivers blood to liver for processing

A

hepatic portal circulation

117
Q

What does the hepatic portal circulation do? (two)

A
  1. Drains nutrient rich blood from digestive organs

2. Delivers blood to liver for processing

118
Q

Does the GI tract have its own nervous system?

A

Yes

119
Q

What is the GI tract nervous system referred to as?

A

The enteric nervous system

120
Q

Does the enteric nervous system contain more neurons than the brain?

A

No, but it contains more neurons than the spinal cord

121
Q

The gut brain is made up of _____ neurons that communicate extensively with each other

A

enteric

122
Q

Enteric neurons are the major nerve supply to GI tract wall that controls _____

A

motility (The ability of an organism to move independently, using metabolic energy)

123
Q

What are the two key concepts to regulating GI activity?

A
  1. Digestive activity is provoked by a range of mechanical and chemical stimuli
  2. Effectors of digestive activity are smooth muscle and glands
124
Q

Explain the concept “digestive activity is provoked by a range of mechanical and chemical stimuli”

A

There are receptors in the walls of GI tract organs that respond stretch, changes in osmolarity and pH, and presence of substrate and end products of digestion

125
Q

Explain the concept “effectors of digestive activity are smooth muscle and glands”

A

When stimulated, these receptors initiate reflexes that stimulate smooth muscle to mix and move lumen contents. Reflexes can also activate or inhibit digestive glands that secrete digestive juices or hormones

126
Q

Functions of saliva?

A

Clean mouth, dissolve food chemicals for taste, moistens food to compact it into bolus, and begin breakdown of starch with enzyme amylase

127
Q

Which enzyme in the mouth breaks down starch?

A

Amylase

128
Q

Most saliva is produced by what?

A

Major salivary glands located outside of oral cavity

129
Q

What are the major salivary glands?

A

Parotid, submandibular, and sublingual(under tongue)

130
Q

Where is the parotid salivary gland?

A

Anterior to ear and external to masseter muscle

131
Q

Where is the submandibular salivary gland?

A

Medial to body of mandible (duct opens at base of lingual frenulum)

132
Q

Where is the sublingual salivary gland?

A

Anterior to submandibular gland under tongue (opens via 1-212 ducts into floor of mouth

133
Q

What two cells are salivary glands composed of?

A

Serous and mucous cells

134
Q

What do serous cells of salivary glands produce?

A

watery secretion, enzymes, ions, and a bit of mucin

135
Q

The parotid and submandibular glands contain mostly _____ cells, but the sublingual gland consists mostly of _____ cells

A

serous; mucous

136
Q

What are mumps?

A

Inflammation of parotid glands caused by the mumps virus (myxovirus)

137
Q

Mumps is a common adult disease. T or F

A

False, common children’s disease

138
Q

Mumps spreads via ____

A

saliva

139
Q

Symptoms of mumps?

A

Pain when opening mouth, moderate fever, and pain when swallowing acidic foods.

140
Q

Mumps in adult males carry a 25% risk of what?

A

Of infecting the testes too, which can lead to sterility

141
Q

Saliva contains water and ______

A

electrolytes

142
Q

Is saliva 85%-95% water?

A

No, 97-99.5% water

143
Q

Is saliva slightly acidic or basic? what is the range?

A

Acidic ph 6.75-7.00

144
Q

Which two enzymes are found in saliva?

A

Amylase and lingual lipase

145
Q

Which proteins are found in saliva?

A

Lysozyme, mucin, and IgA

146
Q

What metabolic wastes are found in saliva?

A

Urea and uric acid

147
Q

(in saliva ) Lysozyme, IgA, _______, and ____ _____ from nitrates in food protect against microorganisms

A

Defensins and nitric oxide

148
Q

How much saliva do you usually produce a day?

A

1500mL

149
Q

Do minor or major glands continuously keep mouth moist?

A

Minor

150
Q

Major salivary glands are activated by the sympathetic nervous system. T or F

A

False….parasympathetic

151
Q

Strong sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation and results in dry mouth (xerostomia) T or F

A

True

Anatomy and Physiology II LECTURE (18 decks)

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