Ch.4: Digestion

Question 1

Organ

Answer 1

structure consisting of cells and tissues that perform a specific function in an organism

Question 2

organ system

Answer 2

group of organs classified as a unit bc they work together to perform a function

Question 3

ATP

Answer 3

adenosine triphosphate

Chemical that supplies energy for cellular processes and reactions

Question 4

Digestion

Answer 4

process by which large ingested molecules are mechanically and chemically broken down to produce smaller molecules that can be absorbed across the wall of the GI tract

Question 5

Absorption

Answer 5

nutrient molecules are absorbed by the GI tract and enter the bloodstream

Question 6

Peristalsis

Answer 6

rhythmic waves of contraction/relaxation of muscles to move through GI tract toward the anus

Question 7

Segmentation

Answer 7

a back and forth action of the small intestine breaks apart contents of small intestine into increasingly smaller pieces and mixes them with digestive juices

Question 8

Enterohepatic circulation

Answer 8

continual recycling of compounds between the small intestine and the liver
(hepatic=liver)

Question 9

Layers of the GI tract

Answer 9

Mucosa
Submucosa
SMerosa
Villi Microvilli

Question 10

Mucosa

Answer 10

internal skin separates food from the interior body

Question 11

submucosa

Answer 11

loose connective tissue, glands, blood vessels, and nerves.

Blood vessels carry substances & nutrients to and from the GI tract

Question 12

Serosa

Answer 12

protects the GI tract

Question 13

Villi

Answer 13

fingerlike protrusions into the small intestine that participate in digestion and absorption of food components

Question 14

Microvilli

Answer 14

microscopic, hairlike projections of the cell membranes of certain epithelial cells

Question 15

Roles of the Stomach in Digestion

Answer 15

secretes Gastric Juice
Mixes food with enzymes and acid
Kills mircoorganisms
Secretes Intrinsic Factor (for B12)
Releases chyme into the Small Intestine

Question 16

Liver in Digestion

Answer 16

produces bile to aid fat digestion and absorption

Question 17

Gallbladder in Digestion

Answer 17

Stores and Concentrates bile and releases it into the Small Intestine

Question 18

Pancreas in Digestion

Answer 18

Secretes pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes and biocarbonate into the small intestine

Question 19

Small Intestine in Digestion

Answer 19

Mixes chyme with bil and pancreatic juices to complete remaining residue to large intestine digestion, absorbs nutrients and other compounds in foods

Question 20

Large Intestine/Colon in Digestion

Answer 20

Absorbs water and electrolytes (sodium & potassium), Forms and stores Feces, and Expels Feces

Question 21

Rectum

Answer 21

Holds and expels feces

Question 22

Sequence of the GI tract (10 steps)

Answer 22

mouth
esophagus
stomach
liver
gallbladder
pancreas
small 
large
rectum
anus

Question 23

Forms of Absorption in the Small Intestine

Answer 23

Passive Diffusion
Facilitated Diffusion
Active Transport
Endocytosis
Absorbs 90% water

Question 24

Pyloric Sphincter

Answer 24

controls the flow of stomach contents into the small intestine

Question 25

Hepatopancreatic Sphincter

Answer 25

Controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juices from the common bile and pancreatic ducts into the small intestine

Question 26

Ileocecal Valve

Answer 26

prevents contents of the large intestine from reentering the small intestine

Question 27

Saliva in Digestion

Answer 27

contain lysozymes that kill bacteria | contain amylase that breaks down starch

Question 28

What is in gastric juice

Answer 28

HCl KCl NaCl

Question 29

Functions of HCl

Answer 29

Inactivates ingested proteins Destroys bac and viruses Dissolves minerals Converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Question 30

Pepsin

Answer 30

Breaks down protein

Question 31

What do parietal cells secrete

Answer 31

HCl and Intrinsic Factor

Question 32

What do chief cells secrete

Answer 32

gastric lipase | pepsin

Question 33

Why is the stomach lower in pH than the small intestine

Answer 33

Sodium bicarbonate neutralizes chyme in the stomach

Question 34

Cholecystokinin

Answer 34

Stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes and bile Stimulated by dietary fat in chyme Secreted from the small intestine

Question 35

Secretin

Answer 35

Stimulates release of pancreatic bicarbonate Stimulated by acidic chyme and as digestion progresses Secreted from the small intestine

Question 36

Gastrin

Answer 36

Triggers the stomach to release HCl and pepsinogen and stimultes gastric and intestinal motility Stimulated by food reaching the stomach Stored in the stomach and duodenum

Question 37

Structures on the surface area of the small intestine

Answer 37

villi and microvilli

Question 38

passive diffusion

Answer 38

diffusion without a carrier nor energy

Question 39

facilitated diffusion

Answer 39

diffusion with a carrier protein

Question 40

active transport

Answer 40

diffusion with both energy and a carrier protein

Question 41

Phagosytosis

Answer 41

cells engulf compounds

Question 42

Pinocytosis

Answer 42

cells engulf liquids

Question 43

How are Water Soluble nutrients transported

Answer 43

Through the cardiovascular system

Question 44

How are Fat Soluble Nutrients absorbed

Answer 44

Through lacteals in villi

Question 45

3 main funct of large intestine

Answer 45

house microbiata absorb water and electrolytes form and expel feces

Question 46

Probiotic v Prebiotic

Answer 46

Probiotic: live microorganisms that colonize the large intestine Prebiotic: non-digestible food ingredients that promote the growth of beneficial bacteria

Question 47

Ulcer Prevention

Answer 47

``` Stop smoking Avoid large doses of aspirin Limit caffeine, alc Limit strong spices Chew food well Lose weight ```

Question 48

Heartburn Prevention

Answer 48

Same as Ulcer Prevention Wait 2 hours before laying own after a meal Portion meals Elevate head of the bed