Ch.4 Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
What are tissues made of and what kind of cells are they made up of?
A
Cells. Made up by the same cells with the same structure and function.
2
Q
The 4 types of adult tissues
A
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular
3
Q
How many germ layers do tissues have?
A
3
4
Q
What are the three germ layers?
A
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
5
Q
What kind of tissue does ectoderm become?
A
Epithelial and nervous tissue
6
Q
What tissues does Mesoderm become?
A
Epithelial, muscular (cardiac,smooth, and skeletal), and adult connective tissues
7
Q
What tissue does the endoderm become?
A
Epithelial tissue
8
Q
What germ tissue does bone come from?
A
Mesoderm
9
Q
What germ tissue does Epithelial tissue come from?
A
Ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
10
Q
What germ layer does nervous tissue come from?
A
Ectoderm
11
Q
Define differentiate
A
Un specialized cells coming together to form specialized cells
12
Q
What are cell junctions?
A
Holds cells together and helps them
Communicate
13
Q
This type of cell junction seals the cells making sure fluids can’t seep out. Like the lining of your stomach.
A
Tight junction
14
Q
What kind of protein does tight junctions have?
A
Transmembrane proteins
15
Q
What type of cell junction gives strength to the tissues when pulled or stretched?
A
Desmosome
16
Q
What kind of tissues are desmosome?
A
Cardiac and epithelial (skin)
17
Q
How do desmosomes give strength to their tissues?
A
Interlocking transmembrane glycoproteins that anchor the cell.
18
Q
What is the name for a desmosome transmembrane glycoprotein?
A
Cadherin
19
Q
What kind of cell junction locks the bottom of the cell into the basement membrane?
A
Hemideosome
20
Q
What kind of tissues are hemidesmosome?
A
Epithelial
21
Q
What is a hemidesmosome transmembrane glycoprotein called?
A
Integrin
22
Q
What kind of cell junction allows communication between cells, allowing ions, signals and fluids to travel between them?
A
Gap junctions
23
Q
What tissues to gap junctions service?
A
Epithelial, muscular and nervous tissue
24
Q
How do gap junctions work?
A
They use connexons that are made up of hollow tubes called connexins that let things travel between the cells
25
What are the two types of glands in the human body?
Endocrine and exocrine
26
How do endocrine glads work?
They secrete material into the blood. I.e hormones
27
How do exocrine glands work?
They secrete material to the surface
28
Name the parts of a simple tubular gland.
The secretory portion where the material is, then the duct is where it releases.
29
What parts of the body use Merocrine glands?
Sweat glands and salivary glands
30
How does Merocrine excrete?
Through Exocytosis
31
How does apocrine exocrine glands differ from Merocrine glands and what parts of the body are apocrine?
It’s thicker,
Mammary glands and some sweat glands
32
What type of exocrine functional classification does mammary glands and some sweat glands use?
Apocrine
33
What kind of exocrine functional classification does sweat glands and salivary glands use?
Merocrine
34
How is Holocrine excocrine cells different from Merocrine and apocrine?
The whole cell gets secreted.
35
If a runner starts sweating, what type of gland is at work and what functional classification is it?
Exocrine, Merocrine
36
What gland does mammary glands use and what classification?
Exocrine, apocrine
37
What are the 3 types of Epithelial membranes?
Mucous
Serous
Cutaneous
38
Where is mucous membranes used?
Lines membranes that are open to the outside of the body.
39
What kind of membranes surround the heart, lungs and abdominopelic regions, how many layers and where are the layers?
How does this membrane aid the body?
Serous membranes
Two layers
Outside layer is the parietal layer
Interior layer is the visceral layer
Helps reduce friction between organs
40
What is another name for the skin membrane?
Cutaneous
41
What are the layers of a cutaneous membrane?
Top layer is the epidermis
Lower layer is the dermis
42
What kind of tissue is connective tissue?
Synovial
43
What is synovial tissue make up from?
Areolar tissue and adipose tissue (fat tissue)
44
Where can you find symovial tissue?
I’m freely moving joints
45
What epithelial mucous membrane tissue is in the mouth, esophagus, nose and mouth?
Stratified squamous
46
What epithelial mucous membrane tissue is in the small and large intestine?
Simple columnar
47
How many types of muscous membrane tissues are there?
4
48
What type of mucous tissues are found in the anus, urethra and vagina?
Stratified squamous
49
What kind of mucous membrane tissue can be found in the trachea and bronchi?
Paeudostratified ciliated columnar
50
What mucous tissue is found in bronchi and bronchioles?
Bronchi: pseudostratified ciliated columnar
Bronchioles: simple ciliated columnar
51
What type of tissue make up the cutaneous membrane? (Skin)
Keratinized stratified squamous
52
What is the basement membrane composed of?
The Basal lamina and the reticular lamina
53
What absorbs nutrients on the apical surface?
Microvilli
54
Where is somewhere you could find microvilli?
The GI tract
55
Name this epithelial cell
Stratified columnar
56
Name this epithelial cell
Simple ciliated columnar
57
Name this epithelial cell
Stratified squamous
58
Name this epithelial cell
Simple squamous
59
Name this epithelial cell
Simple cuboidal
60
Name the shape of this epithelial cell
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
61
Study
Study
62
Covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs and cavities
Epithelial tissue
63
Protects and supports the body and its organs
Connective tissues
64
Cells specialized for contraction and generation of force
Muscular tissue
65
Detecta changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body
Nervous tissue
66
What are nervous tissue electrical signals called?
Action potentials
67
What parts of the body are activated by action potentials? (Nerve impulses)
Muscular and glandular contractions
68
What kind of tissue lines the urinary tract?
Transitional epithelium
69
What kind of tissue lines blood vessels and lymphatic vessels?
Endothelium
70
What kind of tissue forms the serous membranes?
Mesothelium
71
Where would you find simple squamous epithelium?
Lining the peritoneum
72
Where would you find simple cuboidal epithelium?
Ovaries, eyes, kidney tubules, thyroid gland and pancreas
73
Where would you find nonciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Lines the digestive canal and gallbladder
74
Where would you find ciliated simple columnar epithelium?
Bronchioles, uterine tubes, central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of the brain.
75
Purpose of simp. Squamous
Filtration or diffusion
76
Purpose of simp cuboidal
Secretion and absorption
77
Purpose of nonciliated simp columnar
Secretion and absorption
78
What makes keratinized tissue different from other tissues?
It has a dead tissue layer on the apical surface
79
Where are collagen fibers found?
Connective tissues, bone, cartilage, tendons and ligaments
80
The 2 types of embryonic connective tissues
Mesenchyme
Mucoid (mucous)
81
2 types of mature connective (proper) tissue
Loose and dense connective tissue
82
3 types of loose connective tissues
Areolar, adipose and reticular connective tissues.
83
3 types of dense connective tissues
Dense regular, irregular and elastic connective tissue
84
3 types of supporting connective tissue
Cartilage, bone and liquid connective tissue
85
3 types of cartilage
Hyaline, fibrous, and elastic cartilage
86
2 types of bone tissue
Compact and spongy bone tissue
87
2 types of liquid connective tissue
Blood and lymph plasma
88
Function of supporting connective tissues
Protects and supports soft tissues of the body
89
Location of dense regular con. Tissue
Tendons, ligaments
90
Location of dense irregular con. Tissue
Heart, perichondrium of cartilage membrane capsules
91
Location of elastic connective tissues
Arteries, trachea, bronchial
92
Name of scar forming process
Fibrosis
93
They synthesize collagen and other extra cellular materials to form scars
Fibroblasts
94
Tissue that forms around a large wound to provide the framework for epithelial cells to fill it
Granulation tissue
95
What could be a result of adhesion formation as a result of abdominal surgery?
Attachment of the stomach to the transverse colon of the large intestine.
:adhesions commonly form in the abdomen around a site of previous inflammation such as an inflamed appendix.
96
What are adhesions?
Abnormal joining of tissues
97
Name 3 types of immature cells found in connective tissues
Fibroblasts, chondroblasts, and osteoblasts.
They are capable of cell division and secretion of the extracellular matrix. If cells lose their cell division capability and extracellular matrix is formed, they can mature into chondrocytes, osteocytes and erythrocytes.
98
What is the only organ that has smooth muscle tissue that lacks gap junctions?
How do they operate differently?
Iris of the eye
The fibers contact individually because they cannot sent signals between cells
99
What in the nervous system does not transmit action potentials? What are they and what do they do instead?
Neuroglia, they support neurons physically and metabolically
100
Areolar tissue contains which cell type in the greatest number?
Fibroblasts
101
Type of epithelium specialized for movement and found in the trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
102
Which part of the nervous tissue transmits an action potential?
The Axon?
103
What are stem cells?
Immature and undifferentiated cells
104
What are leukocytes?
White blood cells
105
Connective cell that secretes antibodies and is apart pf the body’s immune system
Plasma cells
106
What are fixed cells?
Permanent components of a specific cell
107
Suffix indication
-blasts
Undergo cell division and secrete most of the matrix
108
Suffix indication
-cytes
Maintains cell matrix and rarely undergoes cell division
109
Identify the C.T. And the markings
Mesenchyme
Ground substance
Nucleus
Reticular fiber
110
Identify the C.T. And it’s markings
Mucoid
Epi. Surface
Collagen fiber
Nucleus of fibroblast
Ground substance
111
Identify C.T and it’s markings
Areolar
Collagen fiber
Fibroblast
Elastic fiber
Reticular fiber
Mast cell
112
Identify C.T and it’s markings
Adipose
Cytoplasm
Plasma membrane
Fat cell storage
Nucleus
Blood vessel
113
Identify C.T. And it’s markings
Reticular
Reticular fiber
Nucleus
Reticular fiber
114
Identify C.T and it’s markings
Dense regular C.T.
Nucleus of fibroblast
Collagen fiber
115
Identify C.T and it’s markings
Dense irregular C.T
Nucleus of fibroblast
Transverse section of collagen fiber
Blood vessel
Nucleus of fibroblast
116
Identify the C.T and it’s markings
Elastic membranes
Nucleus of fibroblast
117
Identify the C.T and it’s markings
Hyaline cartilage
Perichondrium
Lacuna
Nucleus of chondrocyte
Ground substance
118
Identify C.T. And it’s markings
Fibrous cartilage
Nucleus of chondrocyte
Lacuna
Collagen
Nucleus
119
Identify C.T and it’s markings
Elastic collagen
Lacuna
Elastic fiber
Nucleus
Cartilage
120
Identify supporting C.T and it’s markings
Compact bone
Bone canaliculi
Haversian canal
Lacuna
Lamella
121
Identify C.T and it’s markings
Blood
Leukocyte
Blood plasma
Platelet (blood clotting)
Red blood cell
