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Biol203 > Ch46 Gas Exchange > Flashcards

Ch46 Gas Exchange Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What is respiration?

A

The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment.

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2
Q

What are the two phases of respiration?

A
  • Organismic respiration
  • Cellular respiration
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3
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The process by which animals with lungs breathe air.

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4
Q

What is aerobic cellular respiration dependent on?

A

Mitochondria.

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5
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain (ETC)?

A

Oxygen.

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6
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported mainly in the body?

A

As bicarbonate ions.

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7
Q

What adaptations help terrestrial animals with gas exchange?

A
  • Respiratory surfaces must be kept moist
  • Respiratory structures must have thin walls
  • Lungs are located deep within the body
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8
Q

What is the advantage of gas exchange in air compared to water?

A
  • Higher concentration of oxygen
  • Faster diffusion of oxygen
  • Less energy required to move air
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9
Q

Which animals primarily rely on simple diffusion for gas exchange?

A
  • Sponges
  • Hydra
  • Flatworms
  • Nematodes
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10
Q

What are tracheal tubes?

A

Network of passageways in the abdomen of arthropods that open to the atmosphere.

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11
Q

What is the function of spiracles in tracheal tubes?

A

They are small openings to the outside air.

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12
Q

What is the role of gills in aquatic animals?

A

They are moist, thin projections of the body surface for gas exchange.

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13
Q

What is countercurrent exchange?

A

A system that maximizes diffusion of oxygen into blood and carbon dioxide out of blood.

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14
Q

What distinguishes the respiratory system of birds from other vertebrates?

A

It includes lungs and air sacs that support a one-way flow of air.

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15
Q

What is the role of pulmonary surfactant?

A

It decreases water’s cohesiveness, reduces surface tension, and prevents alveolar collapse.

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16
Q

What is tidal volume?

A

The amount of air moved into and out of the lungs with each normal breath.

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17
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

The maximum volume exhaled after lungs filling to maximum extent.

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18
Q

What does Dalton’s law of partial pressures state?

A

The total pressure of a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of each individual gas.

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19
Q

What is Fick’s Law?

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A

The rate of diffusion is proportional to the differences in partial pressure across a membrane.

20
Q

Fill in the blank: The circulatory system is the vital link between _______ and body cells.

21
Q

What is the structure that covers each lung?

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A

Pleural membrane.

22
Q

What are alveoli?

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A

Grapelike bunches where gas exchange occurs in the lungs.

23
Q

What muscle contracts during inspiration?

24
Q

What occurs during forced expiration?

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A

Internal intercostal and abdominal wall muscles contract.

25
What is the role of mucociliary clearance?
Moves foreign particles upward from bronchi through trachea to the pharynx.
26
How many lobes does the right lung have?
3 lobes.
27
What is the primary gas exchanged in the alveoli?
Oxygen and carbon dioxide.
28
How does oxygen move from alveoli into blood?
By simple diffusion, down its concentration gradient from alveoli into blood. ## Footnote Oxygen concentration in cells is lower than in capillaries.
29
What is the movement of carbon dioxide in the respiratory system?
Carbon dioxide moves from blood to the alveoli. ## Footnote CO2 concentration is higher in cells than in blood.
30
What is the partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood?
Approximately 100 mm Hg. ## Footnote In tissues, the partial pressure of oxygen can range from 0 to 40 mm Hg.
31
What happens to oxygen in tissues?
Cells use oxygen in respiration. ## Footnote Blood moves quickly through tissues, preventing complete depletion of O2.
32
What are respiratory pigments?
Proteins that hold oxygen in blood and tissues, allowing for increased oxygen transport. ## Footnote Examples include hemocyanin, hemoglobin, and myoglobin.
33
What is hemoglobin?
A pigment in vertebrate blood that carries oxygen. ## Footnote It combines with oxygen to form oxyhemoglobin.
34
What is the composition of hemoglobin?
Four peptide chains, each containing a heme group with iron-porphyrin attached to globin. ## Footnote Hemoglobin can carry approximately 99% of oxygen in blood.
35
What is the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve?
A graph showing how the amount of hemoglobin that combines with oxygen increases as [O2] increases. ## Footnote It is affected by pH, temperature, and [CO2].
36
What is the Bohr effect?
The displacement of the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve due to changes in pH. ## Footnote Increased CO2 lowers pH, facilitating oxygen release.
37
How is carbon dioxide transported in blood?
About 10% dissolved in plasma, 30% carried by hemoglobin, and 60% as bicarbonate ions. ## Footnote CO2 is converted to carbonic acid in plasma.
38
What is the chloride shift?
The movement of chloride ions into RBCs as bicarbonate ions move out into plasma. ## Footnote This occurs during the transport of CO2.
39
What is respiratory acidosis?
A condition resulting from increased CO2 in the blood, leading to lowered pH. ## Footnote It can occur if CO2 cannot be cleared effectively.
40
What regulates the rate of respiration?
Carbon dioxide concentration is the most important chemical stimulus. ## Footnote Medulla chemoreceptors sense blood CO2 levels.
41
What is hyperventilation?
A voluntary increase in breathing rate that reduces CO2 concentration in blood. ## Footnote Prolonged hyperventilation can lead to dizziness and unconsciousness.
42
What happens at high altitudes?
Barometric pressure falls, leading to less oxygen entering the blood. ## Footnote The body compensates by producing more RBCs.
43
What is decompression sickness?
A condition caused by rapid ascent in diving, leading to the formation of gas bubbles in blood. ## Footnote It is common among divers who ascend too quickly.
44
What adaptations do diving mammals have?
Structural and physiological adaptations that allow for deep, long dives. ## Footnote They have large blood supplies and high myoglobin content.
45
What is chronic bronchitis?
Excess secretion of mucus that is not cleared effectively, leading to coughing. ## Footnote It often coexists with pulmonary emphysema.
46
What is pulmonary emphysema?
A condition where alveoli lose elasticity and walls are destroyed, reducing surface area for gas exchange. ## Footnote It can lead to heart complications due to increased workload on the right ventricle.
47
What causes lung cancer?
Tar in smoke contains over 69 carcinogenic substances that alter cellular metabolism. ## Footnote This leads to tumor growth and metastasis.

Biol203 (7 decks)

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