Ch.5 Intguentary System

Question 1

List the components of the integumentary system

Answer 1

-Skin
-hair
-nails
- sweat glands
- oil glands

Question 2

Functions of the integumentary system

Answer 2

Protection
Thermoregulation
Cutaneous sensation
Metabolic functions
Blood reservoir
Excretion

Question 3

Name the two distinct regions of the skin

Answer 3

-epidermis
• superficial
-epithelial

-dermis
•underlies epidermis
-mostly fibrous connective tissue, vascularized

Question 4

4 cell types make up the epidermis?

Answer 4

•Keratinocytes
•Melanocytes
•Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
•Tactile (Merkel) cells

Question 5

What type of tissue makes up the epidermis?

Answer 5

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, consisting of 4-5 layers of cells each with different characteristics

Question 6

Keratinocytes

Answer 6

-the most common epidermal cell
-Produce fibrous protein keratin that gives the epidermis its protective properties
-Tightly connected to one another

Question 7

Melanocytes

Answer 7

-are found in the deepest layers of the epidermis
-Produce pigment melanin
• which is transferred to the keratinocytes and protect the apical surface of those cells from UV damage

Question 8

Dendritic (Langerhans) cells

Answer 8

-arise from the bone marrow and migrate to the epidermis
-They function as macrophages and are key activators of the immune system

Question 9

Tactile (Merkel) cells

Answer 9

-Sensory touch receptors; each cell associates with the nerve ending
-Not very abundant

Question 10

4-5 Layers of the epidermis

Answer 10

From deep to superficial
-stratum basal
-stratum spinosum
-stratum granulosm
-stratum lucidum (only thick skin)
-stratum corneum

Question 11

Where “ thick skin” located

Answer 11

Thick skin covers area subject to abrasions; palms of the hand, soles of the feet and fingertips

Question 12

Thin skin

Answer 12

Covers the rest of the body. The stratum lucidum is an absent, and the other layers are thinner.

Question 13

Stratum basale (base layer)

Answer 13

-deepest epidermal layer from the attached to the dermis
-single roll of stem cells,actively miotic
-occasional tactile cells
-dermal papilla

Question 14

Stratum spinosum (prickly layer)

Answer 14

-several layers thick
-System of intermediate pre-keratin filaments attached to cell junctions
-Abundant monocytes and dendritic cells
-Langerhan cells which function as macrophage by engulfing bacteria, foreign particles, and damage cells

Question 15

Stratum granulosum (granular layer)

Answer 15

-4-6 cell deep layer
-cells flatten
-Nuclei and organelles disintegrate
-The cells accumulate two types of granules
•keratohyaline granules, which keep form keratin and upper layers
•lamellar granules who release water resistant glycolipids into the extra cellular space (slows water loss)
-Sales of this layer have thickened plasma membranes to form a waterproof barrier
-All cells above this lay dead. They are too far from capillaries.

Question 16

Stratum lucidum (clear layer)

Answer 16

-found in only thick skin
-thin translucent band
-2 to 3 rows of flat dead cells, aide in making skin waterproof
• found in Palms, soles of feet and fingertips

Question 17

Stratum corneum (horny layer)

Answer 17

•20-30 rows of dead flat membraneous sacs
•3/4 epidermal thickness
• Keratin and thicken plasma protects the skin against abrasion
• glycolipids (waterproof) protect from abrasion and penetration barrier against biological chemical, physical assaults

Question 18

What are the two layers of the dermis?

Answer 18

-papillary
-reticular

Question 19

Dermis

Answer 19

-the second layer of the skin is the dermis a layer of strong, flexible, connective tissue
-the cells found in the dermis are typical of connective tissue proper (dense irregular, areolar and connective tissue)
• fibroblast, microphages, and occasionally mass cells and white blood cells
-rich supply of nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels
-Contains epidermal hair follicles; oil and sweat glands

Question 20

Dermis
Papillary layer

Answer 20

-the proper layer is areolar connective tissue with a fine interlacing of collagen and elastic fibers.
-many small blood vessels.
-loose tissue, which allows for phagocytes and other defense cells to patrol for microorganisms
-superficial peg like projections called dermal papillae, contain capillary loops, nerve endings (pain) or or touch receptors (meissners corpuscles)

Question 21

Dermal Papillae

Answer 21

-thick skin, capillary loops, dermal ridges that caused epidermal ridges
-Collectively these ridges are called friction ridges
• enhance gripping ability
• contribute to sense of touch
• pattern is fingerprints
• nerve endings

Question 22

Dermis
Reticular layer

Answer 22

-the reticular is composed of dense, irregular connective tissue
-This layer is nourished by a network of blood vessels
-elastic fiber provide stretch-recoil
-the collagen fiber run in many directions but most run parallel to the skin surface
-separation or less dense regions between the collagen bundles form cleavages lines in the skin

Question 23

Dermis
Flexure lines

Answer 23

-are dermal folds that occur or near joints and our places where the dermis is tightly secured to deeper structures
-Since skin cannot slide easily for joint movement
-Visible on hands hands, wrists, fingers and soles and toes

Question 24

Appendages of the skin

Answer 24

-hair and hair follicles
-Nails
-sweat glands
-sebaceous (oil) glands

Question 25

List the two type of sweat glands

Answer 25

Eccrine Apocrine - Both types of sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells which contract upon nervous system stimulation to force sweat into ducts and onto the skin surface

Question 26

Dermal papillae

Answer 26

-dermis -superficial peglike projections, which indent the overlying epidermis, many contain capillary, loops, nerve endings (pain receptors), or touch receptors

Question 27

Kertainocytes

Answer 27

-epidermis -the most common epidermal cell produce fibrous protein keratin that gives it epidermis It’s protective properties.

Question 28

Melanocytes

Answer 28

Epidermis -melanocytes produce pigment melanin -transferred to the keratinocytes and protect cells from UV damage

Question 29

tactile (Merkel) cells

Answer 29

-epidermis -Tactile cells are sensory touch receptors each cell associates with a nerve ending

Question 30

Dendritic cells

Answer 30

-epidermis -Dendritic cells are a type of white blood cell. They function as macrophages and are key activators of immune system. (stimulate a sort of memory of the invader to be informed so it can be recognized again)

Question 31

Sudeiriferous (sweat) glands

Answer 31

-dermis -sweat glands are distributed over the entire skin surface -two main types of sweat glands •Eccrine (Merocrine) sweat glands •Apocrine sweat glands -both types of sweat glands contain myoepithelial cells *contract upon nervous systems stimulation to force sweat into the ducks and onto the skin surface

Question 32

Eccrine (Merocrine) gland

Answer 32

-dermis -function; thermal regulation. -it can also be induced by emotions (I.e. “ nervous sweating”). -regulated by the sympathetic nervous system the system responsible for “ flight or flight” responses -ducts empty onto skin surface

Question 33

Approcrine glands

Answer 33

Apocrine sweat glands are confined to axillary and anogenital areas - their ducts empty into hair follicles. -function unknown, but may act as sexual scent gland

Question 34

Arrector pili muscle

Answer 34

-dermis -arrector pili-muscles are a bundle of smooth muscle cells associated with each hair follicle. Responsible for ”goosebumps”

Question 35

Sebaceous glands

Answer 35

-dermis -sebaceous or glands are found all over the body except for the thick skin of palms and soles. Most develop as outgrowth from hair follicle and secrete directly into the hair follicle. -sebaceous glands secrete sebum an oily Holocrine secretion, which is bactericidal, and also also serves to soften her and skin

Question 36

The dermis is rich in blood vessels and nerve fibers

Answer 36

True

Question 37

Eccrine sweat glands, the most numerous are found in the greatest numbers on the palms soles of your feet and forehead

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Most sebaceous glands secrete their products directly onto the skin surface via ducts

Answer 38

False

Question 39

Apocrine sweat, gland, ducts, empty their products into hair follicles

Answer 39

True

Question 40

Lines in our skin, such as fingerprints and flexure lines are shaped by the epidermis

Answer 40

False

Question 41

The epidermis contains 4 - 5 layers of cells; each layer different in structure, and function

Answer 41

True

Question 42

The layers of the epidermis from deepest to most superficial are stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum and stratum basale

Answer 42

False Listed as superficial to deep

Question 43

Label the following structures