Ch6 & Ch18 Flashcards
(18 cards)
Ethical Dilemma:
Situations in which individuals are required to define right and wrong conduct.
Three Ethical Decision Criteria
- Utilitarianism
- Rights
- Justice
Utilitarianism:
Proposes making decisions on the basis of their outcomes, a system in which decisions are made to provide the greatest good for the greatest number. This promotes business decision making, it is consistent with goals such as efficiency, productivity, and high profits
Rights:
In decision making means respecting and protecting the basic rights of individuals, such as right to privacy, free speech, and due process. This criterion protects “Whistle Blowers” when they reveal organization’s unethical practices to the press of government agencies using their rights to freedom of speech.
Justice:
Or equitable distribution of benefits and cost. Union members typically favor this view. It justifies paying people the same wage for a given job regardless of performance differences and using seniority as the primary determination in layoff decisions.
Stress:
- An unpleasant process that occurs in response to environmental pressures
- Can happen when there is a task coming up and the results are uncertain
- Positives: stress can be used for someone to perform at their best, or use heavy workloads/deadlines as a challenge to enhance their qualities at work
- Negatives: elevates blood pressure, heart rhythm making it hard to speak or think properly
Challenge Stressor:
Is a stressor that associates with workloads, pressure to complete the task, and time urgency
Hindrance Stressor:
Sress that keeps you from reaching your goal
- People with high levels of commitment to their organization will turn stress into greater focus, performance where as someone with low levels of commitment perform worse under stress.
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Demands (Responsibility) EX: School will confront you with opportunities and performance pressure
- A good performance will result in passing grade
- A poor performance will result in failing grade
- Resources: (What you can control) EX: being prepared for the exam because you reviewed it (Feeling less stress)
Potential Sources of Stress
- Environmental Stress (Economic uncertainty, political uncertainty, tech changes)
- Organizational Stress (task demand, role demand, interpersonal demand
- Personal Factor: (Family problems, Economic Problems, Personality
Environmental Stress
- Economic uncertainty: employees feel anxious about their job security
- Political Uncertainty: Politics change/Threats can implement stress (Terror attack etc)
- Technology Change: Change of technology at work can be stressor
Organizational Stress
- Task Demand: Job design and working conditions, physical work layout
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Role Demand: Pressure placed on a person as a function of a role
- EX: Role Conflicts make expectations hard to satisfy, role overload (too much work to be done within the time frame given)
- Interpersonal demand: negative co-workers, supervisor behavior, fight, bully, harassment etc
Personal Factor:
- Family Problems: breaking of a close relationship, discipline with children
- Economic: Poor money manager
- Personality: Some people have inherit negative aspects in the world and cannot cope with stress
Consequences of Stress
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Physiological: (Headaches, High blood Pressure, Heart Disease)
- Change in metabolism, increase heart/breathing rates, blood pressure, headaches, and heart attack (can cause)
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Psychological: (Anxiety, depression, decrease in job satisfaction)
- Tension, anxiety, irritability, boredom, and procrastination
- High workload was related to higher blood pressure and lower emotional well being
- Less control people have on their job greater the stress and dissatisfaction will be
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Behavioral (Productivity, Absenteeism, Turnover)
- Reduction of productivity, absence, turnover. Changes eating habits, increase smoking or consumption of alcohol, rapid speech, fidgeting, and sleeping disorder
- Low level of stress increase the body to react, they often perform better, more intensely, or more rapidly
- Too Much stress results in lower performance
4 Factors of Stress Handling
- Perception: moderate the relationship between the stress and the employees reaction to it
- Job experience: people that are in the organization for a long period of time learn to manage the stress, and developing a coping mechanism that deals with stress.
- Social Support: Colleague relationship with co-workers and supervisors can buffer the impact of stress
- Personality: neuroticism Is a trait in stress, individuals are more prone to experience psychological strain. They send to select less adaptive coping mechanism, relying on avoidance as a way of dealing with problems rather than attempting to resolve them.
Stress is important to the organization:
Stress affects performance levels, relationships, job satisfaction, turnover, contributes to deviant behavior, absenteeism at work, and affect personality
Relationship Between Stress and Performance
- Higher levels of stress can cause lower levels of job performance
- Lower or moderate level of stress can stimulate the body to increase performance level and perform better
- Too much stress unable to cope will result in lower performance
Individuals manage stress differently:
- Time management techniques, exercise, relaxing, expand on social support network
- Make a daily list, prioritize activities, scheduling, daily cycle, avoid electronics
- Physicians recommend non-competitive exercise
- Relaxing techniques
- Social Support Networks
How can Organization help with stress management:
- Selection and placement: Choosing the best fit for the job that matches them
- Training: Increases an individual self-efficacy and lessens job strain
- Goal Setting: Setting goals for employees reduces their stress and provide them with motivation
- Redesigning the job: give the employees more responsibilities, more meaningful task, increase feedback
- Increase employee involvement
- Organizational Commitment
- Wellness Program
