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SPV 327-Intro to Communication Disorders- > Ch.6 Language Impairements in Adults > Flashcards

Ch.6 Language Impairements in Adults Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a neuron?

A

basic unit of the nervous system

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2
Q

What is a synapse?

A

when the impulses from the axon of one neuron go to the dendrites of another neuron

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3
Q

What does the central nervous system?

A

consists of the brain and spinal cord, sends messages to the body in response to external stimuli

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4
Q

What is the cerebellum and what does it do?

A

little brain; it helps with motor learning, manages the control of fine, complex motor activities, and maintains the muscle tone

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5
Q

What is Broca’s Area?

A

area in the frontal lobe where incoming auditory information is kept

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6
Q

What is Wernicke’s Area?

A

area in the temporal lobe where most linguistic processing occurs

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7
Q

What is the motor cortex?

A

part of the brain that receiving programming information from Broca’s area and sends signals to the motor neurons in speech

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8
Q

What is aphasia?

A

means w/o language; having difficulty w/ expressive communication (Written or spoken)

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9
Q

What is hyperfluent speech?

A

a result of aphasia, very fast speech with small pauses

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10
Q

What is hemiparesis?

A

weakness on one side of the body in which strength and control are substantially reduced; an accompanying deficit to aphasia

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11
Q

What is hemiplegia?

A

paralysis on one side; accompanying deficit to aphasia

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12
Q

What is hemisensory impairment?

A

being unable to perceive sensory info; may accompany either hemiplegia or hemiparesis

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13
Q

What is hemianopsia?

A

visual deficit in one eye which makes the person blind in that eye

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14
Q

What is dysphagia?

A

difficulty swallowing or chewing or eating

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15
Q

What is agnosia?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; he or she can’t understanding sensory information that is coming to them

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16
Q

What is agrammatism?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; leave out grammatical elements, like periods and -s

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17
Q

What is agraphia?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; may have trouble writing

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18
Q

What is alexia?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; problems with reading

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19
Q

What is anomia?

A

a deficit for an adult with aphasia; problems with naming things

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20
Q

What is jargon?

A

a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; speech that has no meaning or is irrelevant yet has typical intonation patterns

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21
Q

What is a neologism?

A

a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; a new word that does not exist in their language.

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22
Q

What is paraphasia?

A

a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; word substitutions, such as saying “a dog caught a mouse, instead of a cat caught a mouse”

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23
Q

What is verbal stereotype?

A

a deficit for an adult w/ aphasia; an expression repeated over and over again, such as someone saying “I know. I know. I know.”

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24
Q

What can aphasia be categorized as?

A

fluent aphasia and nonfluent aphasia

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25
What characterizes fluent aphasia?
word substitutions, neologisms, and other verbal output that is wordy
26
What is Wernicke's aphasia?
type of fluent aphasia characterized by rapid-fire strings of sentences with very small pauses for acknowledgement or to allow someone else to speak.
27
What is anomic aphasia?
type of fluent aphasia in which someone has trouble naming objects.
28
What is conduction aphasia?
fluent aphasia in which one speaks quickly and says a lot, but the words are paraphasias
29
What is transcortical aphasia?
type of fluent aphasia where one speaks spontaneously and fluently, yet has word errors
30
What is subcortical aphasia?
type of aphasia that occurs due to deep lesions being in the brain.
31
What characterizes nonfluent aphasia?
slow, labored speech; it is hard for one to get words and form sentences
32
What is Broca's Aphasia caused by?
damage to the front or forward parts of the frontal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere
33
What are traits of someone with Broca's Aphasia?
anomia, short sentences that have agrammatism, slow, labored speech, articulation and phonological errors
34
What is transcortical motor aphasia?
type of nonfluent aphasia; have trouble starting speech or writing, slightly unable to comprehend auditory info, impaired speech
35
What is global or mixed aphasia?
type of nonfluent aphasia; severe expressive language impairements and severe receptive language impairements; the most severely debilitating form of aphasia
36
What is the most severely debilitating form of aphasia?
global or mixed aphasia
37
What is the most common cause of aphasia?
stroke or cerebrovascular accident
38
What causes stroke?
interruption of the blood supply to the brain
39
What are the two basic types of stroke?
ischemic and hemorrhagic
40
What is an ischemic stroke?
stroke that is caused by a total or partial blockage of the arteries transporting blood to the brain
41
What is an embolism?
blood clot, fatty materials, or an air bubble travels through the circulatory system and stops blood flow at an artery; can cause an ischemic stroke
42
What is cerebral atherosclerosis?
walls of the cerebral arteries get thick; so, this leads to less elasticity, weaker walls, and a restriction in blood flow
43
What is a thrombosis?
blockage of blood flow due to plaque buildup or a blood clot being formed on the site
44
What is a transient ischemic attack?
a mini-stroke; blood flow to some part of the brain is blocked or reduced
45
What is a hemorrhagic stroke?
stroke caused by weakened arterial walls bursting under pressure
46
What is an aneurysm?
bursting in a weakened arterial wall
47
What is arteriovenous malformation?
where arteries and veins are poorly formed and so they are tangled together
48
What is primary progressive aphasia?
type of aphasia that gets worse over time; it can turn from a motor speech disorder to a near-almost inability to speak
49
What is spontaneous recovery?
a natural restorative process
50
What happens to people with right brain hemisphere damage?
they experience visuospatial neglect, attention deficits, hard to remember things, hard to solve problems, hard to organize, hard to plan,
51
What are common characteristics of RHBD?
lack motivation, cannot pay attention, judgement is off, they don't acknowledge any information on the left side, they deny having an illness or refuse to move their limbs
52
What is a traumatic brain injury (TBI)?
injury to the brain caused by a blow or jolt to the head or is a penetrating brain injury.
53
What may TBI result in?
edema, infection, infarction, hematoma, hypoxia, bruising and laceration
54
What are some possible communication outcomes for patients with TBI?
dysphagia, dysarthria, pragmatic troubles, confused language
55
What are some possible cognitive outcomes for patients with TBI?
poor memory, inattentive, poor problem solving abilities, disoriented
56
What is cognitive rehab?
intervention method to treat patients w/ TBI; it increases one's ability to process incoming information so that they could do more
57
What is dementia?
impairment of intellect and cognition
58
What is Alzheimer's disease?
pathology characterized by impairments in memory, language, or visuospatial skills,
59
In patients with RHBD, what part of language is most impaired?
pragmatics
60
What is the restorative approach of cognitive rehab?
to try to rebuild neural circuitry and function through repetitive activities.
61
What is the compensatory approach of cognitive rehab?
to help individuals learn alternative ways to function; this approach is used when the restorative approach fails.
62
What is the PNS and what does it do?
it is nerves that branch out of the spinal cord; it connects the CNS to the limbs and organs and relays messages between them
63
What does the right hemisphere process?
nonlinguistic and paralinguistic information (temporal and spatial relationships, emotions)
64
What is spontaneous recovery?
body heals by itself without intervention.
65
Which part of the brain is damaged in people with anomic aphasia?
at the point of parietal-temporal-occipital lobe
66
Which part of the brain is damaged in people with fluent aphasia?
lesion at the back of the left hemisphere.
67
Which part of the brain is damaged in people with transcortical sensory aphasia?
damage to isolated areas of cortical control
68
Which part of the brain is damaged in people with nonfluent aphasia?
lesions in or near the frontal lobe
69
What language deficits does someone with TBI experience?
anomia, pragmatics, dysarthria, dysphagia, confused language, impaired comprehension
70
What impairments are associated with those with dementia?
memory decline, poor reasoning, poor judgement, personality changes, impaired abstract thinking
71
What are the three things that change when changing stress in American English?
pitch, length of voice, and volume
72
What are the signs of a transient ischemic attack?
slurred speech, blurred vision, loss of balance
73
What is a symptom?
A phenomenon that is experienced by the individual affected by the disease (ex. Anxiety, pain, fatigue)
74
What is a sign (in SLP)?
A phenomenon that can be detected by someone other than the individual affected by the disease.
75
What does the right sided hemisphere control?
Attention, memory, reasoning, problem solving
76
What are executive functions?
Set of cognitive processes that are necessary for the cognitive control of behavior.
77
What are examples of executive functioning?
Attentional control, control inhibition, working memory, self monitoring, goal setting/achievement, cognitive flexibility
78
What does higher order executive functions require?
The simultaneous use of multiple basic executive functions. Includes planning, reasoning, and problem solving
79
What are the two main types of TBI?
Close head injury (blow to the head, such as a fall ) and penetrating injury (object goes through the skull and into the brain, such as a gunshot wound)
80
What is a coup injury?
A head injury that occurs under the site of impact with an object; e.g. a headbutt
81
What is a contrecoup injury?
A head injury that occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.
82
What is a cerebral contusion?
Type of TBI in which the brain is bruised
83
What is diffuse axonal injury?
The tearing of the brain’s long connective nerve fibers. This happens when the brain is injured as it shifts and rotates inside the bony skull. Usually causes coma
84
What is the most common cause of hemorrhagic stroke?
High blood pressure

SPV 327-Intro to Communication Disorders- (16 decks)

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