Motor Speech Disorders PP

Question 1

What is a motor speech disorder?

Answer 1

One has difficulty speaking related to problems of movement; this is due to a neurological injury or disorder.

Question 2

What is another way to define apraxia?

Answer 2

neurological injury or disorder that affects motor planning

Question 3

What is another way to define dysarthria

Answer 3

neurological injury or disorder that affects cooridation, timing, and execution of movement for speech production

Question 4

What is something that motor speech disorders are NOT?

Answer 4

a language disorder

Question 5

What may motor speech disorders coexist with?

Answer 5

Aphasia and/or cognitive impairments

Question 6

What can dysarthria affect?

Answer 6

the speed, range, direction, strength and timing of motor mvmts for respiration, phonation, resonation and articulation for speech

Question 7

What are the 4 subsystems of speech?

Answer 7

phonation, resonation, articulation, respiration

Question 8

What are the main anatomical parts of the respiratory system?

Answer 8

abdominal, thoracic, and neck muscles; diaphragm, muscles between rib cage, lungs, and trachea

Question 9

What is the respiratory system responsible for?

Answer 9

provides breathing : the source and force behind speech production

Question 10

What is the primary structure of the phonatory system?

Answer 10

the larynx

Question 11

What are other details associated with the phonatory system?

Answer 11

All vowels are voiced, helps produce voiced and voiceless consonants

Question 12

What can be affected when the phonatory system breaks down?

Answer 12

volume, pitch, and quality

Question 13

What is the larynx made of?

Answer 13

hyoid bone, epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, arytenoid cartilages, vocal folds

Question 14

What does the resonation subsystem consist of?

Answer 14

the pharyngeal, nasal and oral cavities and how air travels through them.

Question 15

What are the main structures of the resonatory subsystem?

Answer 15

hard palate, soft palate (Velum) and uvula, nasopharynx

Question 16

What are other detaisl associated with the resonatory system?

Answer 16

size and shape of those cavities give each person a unique sound, hyper-/hyponasality can occur.

Question 17

What are the main structures of the articulatory subsystem?

Answer 17

mandible, tongue, hard and soft palates, lips, teeth

Question 18

What does intelligibilty refer to?

Answer 18

understanding

Question 19

What is the primary area in the brain that controls speech

Answer 19

primary motor cortex

Question 20

What are upper motor neurons?

Answer 20

motor neurons that either originate either in the primary motor cortex or in the brain stem; carry information down to the lower motor neurons

Question 21

What are lower motor neurons?

Answer 21

motor nerons that activate muscle

Question 22

What happens when lower motor neurons die?

Answer 22

muscles become weak and atrophy

Question 23

What are the steps in the speech production process?

Answer 23

1. conceptualization 2. linguistic planning (semantics + syntax + phonology) 3. motor planning/programming (including rate, stress, prosody) 4. performance (motor execution) 5. feedback

Question 24

What are characteristics of Flaccid Dysarthria?

Answer 24

max show decreased breath support for speech, weak voice, reduced loudness, hypernasality, imprecise articulation

Question 25

What are characteristics of spastic dysarthria?

Answer 25

slow rate of speech, combined effects of weakness and loss of inhibitory muscle control resulting in hyperactive reflexes and muscle tone at rest (spasticity)

Question 26

How is speech for someone with spastic dysarthria?

Answer 26

speech movements are slow; there's a reduction in range and force, strained vocal quality

Question 27

What are some etiologies for spastic dysarthria?

Answer 27

cerebral palsy, TBI, multiple strokes

Question 28

What are characteristics of hypokinetic dysarthria?

Answer 28

speech movements and all movements have a reduced range of motion, imprecise articulation, it's hard to start movement

Question 29

What are speech characteristics for someone with hypokinetic dysarthria?

Answer 29

disfluencies are common, volume is low, monopitch, speech rate is fast

Question 30

What is the most common cause of hypokinetic dysarthria?

Answer 30

Parkinson's Disease

Question 31

What are signs and symptoms of ataxic dysarthria?

Answer 31

discoordination and mistiming of movements (potentially across all 4 subsystems), speech movements are jerky, not smooth, person sounds intoxicated, not caused by weakness

Question 32

What area of the brain is damaged in someone with ataxic dysarthria?

Answer 32

cerebellum

Question 33

What are characteristics of hyperkinetic dysarthria?

Answer 33

increased, abnormal movements, tremors, tics, dystonia, chorea

Question 34

What is tics?

Answer 34

rapid, patterend movements, not completely involuntary, can be suppressed for brief periods with effort

Question 35

What is chorea?

Answer 35

rapid, unpredictable movements

Question 36

What is dystonia?

Answer 36

slow, sustained abnormal movements

Question 37

What is mixed dysarthria?

Answer 37

When 2 or more dysarthrias are present

Question 38

What are some causes of mixed dysarthria?

Answer 38

ALS and TBI

Question 39

What does the vocal tract consist of?

Answer 39

The pharyngeal, nasal, and oral cavities and how air travels through them

Question 40

What is muscular dystrophy?

Answer 40

A genetic disease, progressive muscular degeneration

Question 41

What is myasthenia gravis?

Answer 41

An autoimmune disease; all muscles in the body fatigue easily but brief rest intermittently helps

Question 42

What may someone with mixed dysarthria exhibit?

Answer 42

Speak slowly, hypernasality, imprecise articulation, strained/strangled vocal quality

Question 43

What are the steps of the speech production process?

Answer 43

Conceptualization, linguistic planning, motor planning/programming, performance, feedback

Question 44

Why does liquid come out of your nose?

Answer 44

The velum is discoordinated

Question 45

When will voice problems occur?

Answer 45

When there’s damage to the muscles that control the vocal folds

Question 46

What is a neuron?

Answer 46

Nerve cell (cell body + dendrites + long axon)