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RT Program > CH.6 Physical Principles of RT Care > Flashcards

CH.6 Physical Principles of RT Care Flashcards

1
Q

Three primary states of matter

A

solids, liquids, gases

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2
Q

Solids

A

–have high degree of internal order
–fixed volume and shape
–strong mutual attractive force between atoms
–molecules have the shortest distance to before collision
– motion referred to as jiggle

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3
Q

Liquids

A

–have fixed volume, but adapt to shape of their container
–atoms exhibit less degree of mutual attractions
—-shape is determined by internal and external forces

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4
Q

Gases

A

–no fixed volume or shape; weak attractive forces
–exhibit rapid, random motion with frequent collisions

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5
Q

Plasma

A

–fourth state of matter
–combination of neutral atoms, free electrons, atomic nuclei
–can react to electromagnetic forces and flow freely like liquid or gas
–not relevant to practice of respiratory care

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6
Q

Two major types of internal energy

A

Potential and Kinetic energy

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7
Q

Potential energy

A

– energy of position attractive forces between molecules
–weak in gas state
–makes up most of internal energy in solids and liquids

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8
Q

Kinetic energy

A

–Energy of motion
–makes up most of gases internal energy

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9
Q

Thermodynamics

A

–the science studying the properties of matter at various temperatures
–the kinetics speed of reactions of matter at various temperatures

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10
Q

1st law of thermodynamics

A

–energy cannot be created nor destroyed only transferred or change

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11
Q

2nd law of thermodynamics

A

–heat energy can move from areas of higher temperature to low temperature spontaneously but if moving from low to high it muse use energy

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12
Q

Heat Transfer

A

–when two objects of different temperature coexist, heat will move from hotter to cooler object until both are equal

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13
Q

Heat Transfer: Conduction

A

–main method of heat transfer in solids via direct contact between molecules

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14
Q

Heat Transfer: Convection

A

–mixing of molecules at different temperatures, transfers heat in liquids and gases.

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15
Q

Heat Transfer: Radiation

A

–radiant heat transmitted using waves or particles

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16
Q

Vaporization

A

–the change of state from liquid to gas

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17
Q

Boiling Point

A

–heating liquid to temperature at which its vapor pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure

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18
Q

Evaporation

A

–change of state from liquid to gas, or gas to liquid at temperature below its boiling point
–form of vaporization where heat is taken from the air surrounding the liquid,
– example: cooling the car

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19
Q

Condensation

A

– a gas turns back into a liquid
–opposite of evaporation

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20
Q

Temperature

A

–measurement of heat
–gas temperature is directly proportional to its kinetic energy

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21
Q

Absolute zero

A

–lowest possible temperature that can be achieved
–temperature at which there is no kinetic energy
–molecules cease to vibrate; object has no measurable heat

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22
Q

Fahrenheit and Celsius

A

–based on property of water
–0 C is freezing point of water
– -273 C= kinetic molecular activity stops= 0 K

23
Q

Kelvin scale

A

–based on molecular motion
–used by SI units
–zero point= to absolute zero

24
Q

Conversions

A

– K= C+273
– C= 5/9 (F-32)
– F= 9/5 C+32

25
Q

Freezing

A

–opposite of melting
–Freezing point: temperature at which substance freezes

26
Q

Melting

A

–changeover from solid to liquid state
–Melting point: temperature at which melting occurs

27
Q

Sublimation

A

–transition from solid to vapor without becoming liquid as an intermediary form
–occurs because vapor is low enough

28
Q

Properties of Liquids: Pressure

A

–depends on height and weight

29
Q

Properties of Liquids: Buoyancy

A

–occurs because pressure below submerged objects always exceed pressure above

30
Q

Properties of Liquids: Specific Gravity

A

–ratio of density of one fluid when compared with density of another reference substance

31
Q

Properties of Liquids: Viscosity

A

–force opposing fluid’s flow
–blood has viscosity five times greater than water
–the stronger the cohesive forces, the greater the fluid viscosity

32
Q

Properties of Liquids:Cohesion

A

–attractive force between Like molecules

33
Q

Properties of Liquids: Adhesion

A

–attractive force between Unlike molecules

34
Q

Properties of Liquids: Surface tension

A

–force exerted by like molecules at liquid’s surface

35
Q

Pascal’s Principle

A

–states that a confined liquid transmits equally in all directions
–liquid pressures depend only on the height and not the shape of the vessel or the total volume of the liquid

36
Q

Laplace’s Relationship

A

–states that the tension of the wall of a sphere is the product of the pressure times the radius of a chamber, the tension is inversely related to the thickness of the wall

37
Q

Capillary Action

A

–is the basis for blood samples obtained by use of a capillary tube
–the absorbent wicks used in some gas humidifiers are also an application if the principle, as are certain types of surgical dressings

38
Q

Water Vapor Pressure

A

–when water is converted to vapor, it acts like gas
–water vapor pressure represents the kinetic activity of water molecules

39
Q

Humidity

A

–measurement of the water vapor content

40
Q

Absolute humidity

A

–the actual amount of weight of water vapor in gas
–water vapor content
–measured in mg/L
–varies with temp and pressure
–air that us fully saturated with water vapor has absolute humidity of 43.8 mg/L at 37 C.

41
Q

Gas Density

A

–is the ratio of gas’s mass to its volume

42
Q

Dalton’s Law

A

–Gas pressure
–Partial pressure= pressure exerted by single gas in a gas mixture
–Dalton’s Law= partial pressure of gas in mixture is proportional to its percentage in mixture
–the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is equal to the sum of the pressures exerted by the individual gases if they were present alone

43
Q

Henry’s Law

A

–the amount of dissolved gas in a liquid is proportional to its partial pressure above the liquid
–gases can dissolve in liquids
–example=carbonated water and soda

44
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

–volume of gas varies inversely with its pressure
–describes gas behavior under constant temperature. The temperature of an ideal gas should not change with either expansion or contraction
–volume of a gas varies inversely with its pressure
–with constant temperature, the volume and pressure are directly proportional
–example: breathing

45
Q

Charles’ Law

A

–volume of gas varies directly with its temperature
–higher temp= more volume
–Lower temp= lower volume
–at a constant pressure, the volume of gas is directly proportional to its temperature

46
Q

Gay-Lussac’s Law

A

–pressure exerted by gas varies directly with its absolute temperature
–example: tires

47
Q

Hydrodynamics

A

–study of fluids in motion

48
Q

Flow resistance

A

–is the constant of proportionality for an assumed linear relation between the pressure difference between the two points along the tube and the flow

49
Q

Fluid dynamics: Pattern of flow

A

Laminar
turbulent
transitional

50
Q

Laminar Flow

A

–fluid moving in discrete cylindrical layers or streamlines

51
Q

Turbulent flow

A

–loss of regular streamlines, fluid molecules form irregular eddy currents in chaotic pattern

52
Q

Transitional Flow

A

–is a mixture of laminar and turbulent flow

53
Q

Volume of a gas

A

–dissolves in a liquid equals its solubility coefficient times its partial pressure; higher temperatures decrease gas solubility, and lower temperatures increase gas solubility

54
Q

Bernoulli principle

A

–when the flow of gas increases, the pressure downstream will decrease
– the venturi effect is an application of Bernoulli’s principle using gases

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