Cha. 18 The Victorians Make the Modern

Question 1

P.T. Barnum

Answer 1

• A showman who promoted commercial domesticity very successfully, using the country’s expanding rail network to develop his famous traveling circus.
• He proclaimed children as his key audience, creating family entertainment for diverse audience.
• He promised middle-class parents that his circus马戏团 would teach children courage and promote the benefits of exercise.
• He also emphasized the respectability and refinement of his female performers in order to encourage women’s attendance.

Question 2

Department stores

Answer 2

They lured middle-class women by offering tearooms, children’s play areas, umbrellas, and clerks to wrap and carry every purchase.

Question 3

Technology in the home

Answer 3

• The rise of electricity, in particular, marked the gap between affluent urban consumers and rural and working-class families.
• In elite house, domestic servants began to use or find themselves replaced by — an array of new devices, from washing machines to vacuum cleaners真空吸尘器.

Question 4

Telephone

Answer 4

It changed etiquette规矩 and social relations for middle-class suburban women — while providing their working class counterparts with new employment options.

Question 5

Pullman Company

Answer 5

A company that manufactured rail cars, setting a national standard for taste and elegance典雅

Question 6

Ladies’ cars

Answer 6

• First-class thing which soon became sites of struggle for racial equality.
• When black women claimed first-class seats, they often faced confrontations对抗 with conductors, resulting in numerous lawsuits in the 1870s and 1880s.

Question 7

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

Answer 7

• A case which was brought by civil rights advocates on behalf of Homer Plessy, a New Orleans resident who was one-eighth black.
• Plessy ordered to leave a first-class car and move to the “colored” car of a Louisiana train, Plessy refused and was arrested.

Question 8

YMCA

Answer 8

It was one of the earliest and most successful promoters of athletic fitness.

Question 9

Importance of boxing, weightlifting, martial战争的 arts

Answer 9

• Because country club women were encroaching on their athletic turf跑马场 — elite men took up even more aggressive physical sports, including boxing, weightlifting, and martial arts.
• Such “virile”男子气概的 activities were essential to “maintain and defend this very civilization.”

Question 10

Professional baseball

Answer 10

Big-time professional baseball arose with the launching of the National League in 1876.

Question 11

First World Series

Answer 11

In which, in 1930, the Boston Americans defeated the Pittsburgh Pirates.

Question 12

Rise of the Negro Leagues

Answer 12

Shut out of white leagues, players and fans turned to all-black professional teams, where black men could showcase athletic ability and race pride.

Question 13

American Football

Answer 13

The most controversial sport of the industrializing ear, beginning at elite colleges during the 1880s.

Question 14

Sierra Club

Answer 14

Like the earlier Appalachian登山运动 Mountain Club, founded in Boston in 1876, the Sierra club dedicated专注 itself to preserving and enjoying America’s great mountains.

Question 15

National Audubon Society

Answer 15

A organization which state organizations joined together to form to protect wildlife.

Question 16

Antiquities古代 Act 1906

Answer 16

A law which enabled the U.S. president, without congressional approval, to set aside “objects of historic and scientific interest” as national monument历史遗迹.

Question 17

National monuments vs. national parks

Answer 17

• Monuments received weaker protection than national parks did; many fell under the authority of the U.S. Forest Service, which permitted logging and grazing四处走.
• Business interests lobbied游说 to have coveted渴望 lands designated指定的 as monuments rather than national parks, so they could more easily exploit resources.

Question 18

Hunting regulations (game laws) and the rural poor

Answer 18

• Hunting regulations brought undeniable不可否认的 benefits: it suppressed禁止 such popular practices as songbird hunting and the use of dynamite炸药 to kill fish.
• But while game laws prevented further extinctions灭绝 like that of the passenger pigeon, which vanished around 1990, they made it harder for rural people to support themselves from the bounty of the land.

Question 19

Family size

Answer 19

•The average American family, especially among the middle class, decreased in size during the industrial ear.

Question 20

Comstock Act 1873

Answer 20

The law which prohibited circulation发行 of almost any information about sex and birth control.

Question 21

High school and college

Answer 21

A high school diploma— now a gateway to a college degree — was valuable for boys who hoped to enter professional or managerial work.

Question 22

Business and technical schools

Answer 22

State universities emphasized technical training and fed the growing professional workforce.

Question 23

Liberal arts colleges

Answer 23

Many private colleges distanced themselves from practical pursuits; their administrators argued that students who aimed to be leaders needed broad-based knowledge.

Question 24

Tuskegee Institute

Answer 24

One of the most famous educational projects in the South.

Question 25

Atlanta Compromise/Booker T. Washington

Answer 25

• Washington gained national fame in 1895 with his Atalanta Compromise address演说.
• For the exposition’s white organizers, the racial “compromise” was inviting Washington to speak at all.
• It was a move intended to show racial progress in the South.

Question 26

Women’s higher education

Answer 26

It spread from private to public institutions.