Cha. 19 "Civilization's Inferno": The Rise and Reform of Industrial Cities

Question 1

Mass Transit

Answer 1

• An electric trolley system which electricity from a central gene rating plant was fed to trolleys through overhead power lines.
• Trolleys became the primary mode of transportation in most American cities.

Question 2

Skyscrapers

Answer 2

Def: a building supported by its steel skeleton

Question 3

Chicago School

Answer 3

A school that dedicated to the design of buildings whose form expressed, rather than masked, their structure and function.

Question 4

The Electric City

Answer 4

• One of the most dramatic urban amenities便利设施 was electric light.
• In the 1870s, as generating technology became commercially viable, electricity proved far better.
• Electric streetlights soon replaced gas lights on streets.
• Electric streetlights made residents feel safer.
• Nightlife became less risky and more appealing.

Question 5

Mutual aid societies

Answer 5

• Italians in Chicago had sixty-six mutual aid societies.
• It most composed of people from a particular province or town.
• These societies collected dues from members and paid support in case of death or disability on the job.

Question 6

Race riot

Answer 6

An attack by white mobs暴徒 triggered by street altercations 争执or rumors谣言 of crime

Question 7

Tenements

Answer 7

Buildings that housed twenty or more families in cramped狭窄的, airless apartments.

Question 8

Vaudeville theater

Answer 8

• It arose in the 1880s and 1890s.
• Customers could walk in anytime and watch a continuous sequence of musical acts, skits, magics shows, and other entertainment.

Question 9

Ragtime

Answer 9

• A music apparently named for its ragged参差不齐的 rhythm, combined a steady beat in the bass低音乐器.
• It became wildly popular among audiences of all classes and races who head in tis infectious rhythms something exciting — a decisive break with Victorian hymns and parlor songs.

Question 10

Scott Joplin

Answer 10

• The master of the genre,composer.
• He is the son of former slaves, grew up along the Texas-Arkansas border and took piano lessons as a boy from a German teacher.

Question 11

Sex and the City

Answer 11

• Amusement parks and dace halls helped foster the new customer of dating, which like other cultural innovations emerged first among the working class.
• So-called charity girls offered themselves to strangers not for money, but for presents, attention and pleasure.

Question 12

High Culture

Answer 12

•For elites, the rise of great cities offered an opportunity to build museums, libraries, and other cultural institutions that could flourish only in major metropolitan center.
•Art museums and natural history museums also became prominent显著的 new institutions in this era.
-Corcoran Gallery — Washington, D.C.
-Metropolitan Museum of Art— New York City

Question 13

Yellow journalism

Answer 13

The derogatory不敬的 term for mass-market newspaper.

Question 14

Political machines

Answer 14

local party bureaucracies that kept an unshakable grip on both elected and appointed public offices

Question 15

George Plunkett

Answer 15

• He arranged housing for families after their apartments burned.
• He was an Irishman.
• His Fifteenth District was filling up with Italians and Russian Jews by the 1890s.

Question 16

William Tweed

Answer 16

He is known as Boss Tweed, who had made Tammany Hall a byword for corruption, until he was brought down in 1871 by flagrant overpricing of contracts for a lavish city courthouse.

Question 17

National Municipal市政的 League

Answer 17

• A commission委员会 system that became a nationwide model for efficient government.
• Leaders of the National Municipal League advised cities to elect small councils and hire professional city managers who would direct operations like a corporate executive.

Question 18

Progressivism

Answer 18

An overlapping重叠 set of movements to combat战斗 the ills 坏的 of industrialization.

Question 19

Jacob Riis

Answer 19

A Danish-born丹麦出生的 journalist, who included photographs of tenements interiors in his famous 1890 book, How the Other Half Lives.

Question 20

City Beautiful movement

Answer 20

A moment that arose to advocate more and better urban park space.

Question 21

Closing Red Light Districts

Answer 21

• Distressed by the commercialization of sex, reformers also launched a campaign against urban prostitution.
• They warned, in dramatic language, of the threat of white slavery, alleging that large numbers of young white women were being kidnapped and forced into prostitution.

Question 22

Mann Act

Answer 22

A law that Congress passed to prohibit the transportation of prostitutes across state lines.

Question 23

Social settlement

Answer 23

• A new institution慈善机构 that was built by some urban reformers.
• These community welfare centers investigated the plight困境 of the urban poor, raised funds to address urgent needs, and helped neighborhood residents advocated on their own behalf.

Question 24

Hull House

Answer 24

The most famous of the first social settlement which on Chicago’s West Side.

Question 25

Jane Addams

Answer 25

• She founded the Hull House in 1889.
• She is a daughter of the middle class, first expected Hull House to offer art classes and other cultural programs for the poor.
• BUT she quickly changed as she got to know her new neighbors and struggled to keep Hull House open during the depression of the 1890s.

Question 26

Florence Kelley

Answer 26

A fellow Hull House resident who was influenced by conversations with Jane Addams’s had studied in Europe and returned a committee socialist.

Question 27

Margaret Sanger

Answer 27

• A nurse who moved to New York City in 1911 and volunteered with a Lower East Side settlement.
• She was horrified by women’s suffering from constant pregnancies and remembering her devout诚信的 Catholic mother, who had died young after bearing eleven children.
• She launched a crusade fro what she called birth control.
• Her newspaper column, “ What Every Girl Should Know,” soon garnered an indictment for violating obscenity下流 laws.
• This publicity that resulted helped Sanger Launch a national birth control movement.

Question 28

Pure Food and Drug Act

Answer 28

A law passed by Congress because a journalist Upton Sinclair exposed appalling耸人听闻的 conditions in Chicago meat-packing plants.
Congress also created the federal Food and Drug Administration to oversee compliance with the new law.

Question 29

National Consumers League

Answer 29

• Josephine Shaw Lowell, a Civil War widow helped found the New York Consumers’ League to improve wages and working conditions for female store clerks.
• By 1899, the organization had become the NCL.

Question 30

A organization helped

Answer 30

NCL became one of the most powerful progressive organizations advocating worker protection laws.

Question 31

Women’s Trade Union

Answer 31

Financed by wealthy women who supported its work, the league trained working-class leaders like Rose Schneiderman, who organized unions among garment worker.

Question 32

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

Answer 32

• A fire broke out at there and it quickly spread through the three floors the company occupied at the top of a ten story building.
• Employers had locked the emergency doors to prevent theft. Dozens of Triangle workers, mostly young immigrant women, were trapped in the flames.

Question 33

Upton Sinclair and the Jungle

Answer 33

a 1914 silent film based on Sinclair’s reform novel, which tells the story of Lithuanian立陶宛的 immigrants struggling to get by amid在其中 the dangerous work, starvation, and abysmal深不可测的 living conditions of Chicago’s meat-packing district.