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From Flashcardlet > CHA Week 1: Terminology, Back and Intro to Nervous > Flashcards

CHA Week 1: Terminology, Back and Intro to Nervous Flashcards

0
Q

Nomina Anatomica

A

guidelines for naming anatomic structures est. by international congress of anatomimsts

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure and function of body

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2
Q

Nomina Anatomica guidelines

A
  1. There shall be only one name for each structure with no alternatives
  2. names shall be in Latin whenever possible
  3. Terms shall be as short, simple and informative as possible
  4. Spatially related structures shall have similar names whenever possible
  5. differentiating adjectives shall be arranged as opposites (major/minor, medial/lateral)
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3
Q

Reason for translation of original names into modern English

A
  1. descriptive terms
  2. according to relative position in body
  3. according to function
  4. by eponymic names associated with mythology, first person to describe structure, or first person to associate with structure/malformation/disease
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4
Q

An anatomic principle is frequently the basis for….

A

…the diagnosis or choice of treatment for a clinical problem

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5
Q

How is the person in the anatomic position?

A

erect (or lying supine as if erect) with arms by sides, palms forward, legs together and feet forward

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6
Q

median (midsagittal) plane

A

vertical plane passing longitudinally, dividing into left/right halves

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7
Q

Sagittal planes

A

parallel to midsagittal plane, but off midline

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8
Q

frontal (coronal) planes

A

vertical and perpendicular to midsagittal; divides body into anterior/posterior

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9
Q

transverse (horizontal) planes

A

mutually perpendicular to midsagittal and coronal planes; makes cross sections

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10
Q

superficial

A

close to surface of body

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11
Q

deep

A

close to center of body

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12
Q

median (midline)

A

in midsagittal plane

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13
Q

medial

A

toward median

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14
Q

lateral

A

away from median

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15
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward front of body

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16
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward back of body

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17
Q

palmar

A

ventral side of hand; dorsal describes back of hand

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18
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot; dorsal describes top of foot

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19
Q

superior

A

aka cephalic, rostral; toward the head

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20
Q

inferior

A

aka caudal; toward the feet

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21
Q

proximal

A

close to median/near origin of a structure

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22
Q

distal

A

away from origin of structure

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23
Q

prone

A

anterior surface down (on stomach)

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24
Q

supine

A

anterior surface up (on back)

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25
Q

extrinsic

A

originates OUTSIDE of a part

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26
Q

intrinsic

A

located entirely WITHIN a part

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27
Q

varus

A

angulation of body seg. toward midline

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28
Q

valgus

A

angulation of body seg. away from midline

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29
Q

bilateral

A

paired structures

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30
Q

unilateral

A

one side only

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31
Q

ipsilateral

A

on same side as another structure

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32
Q

contralateral

A

on opposite side of another structure

33
Q

flexion

A

bending/decreasing angle btwn bones/parts of body; ex. bend arm at elbow

34
Q

extention

A

movement AWAY from ventral surface; ex. straightening leg at knee joint

35
Q

abduction

A

movement AWAY from median

36
Q

adduciton

A

movement TOWARD median

37
Q

medial rotation

A

movement of anterior surface toward median; ex. bring flexed arm across chest

38
Q

lateral rotation

A

movement of anterior surface AWAY from median; ex. directing head toward one side

39
Q

elevation

A

raises or moves structure superiorly; ex. shoulder shrug

40
Q

depression

A

lowers or moves structure inferiorly; ex. directing eyes downward

41
Q

protraction

A

moves structure anteriorly; ex. stick out tongue

42
Q

retraction

A

moves structure toward median; ex. withdrawing tongue into oral cavity

43
Q

circumduction

A

combined movement: flexion/extension with abduction/adduction

44
Q

pronation

A

[of arm] is medial rotation so that palm faces posteriorly

45
Q

supination

A

[of arm] is lateral rotation so palm faces anteriorly

46
Q

plantar flexion

A

downward flexion of foot at ankle joint

47
Q

dorsiflexion

A

upward flexion (extension) of foot at ankle joint

48
Q

inversion

A

[of foot] rotates plantar surface inward

49
Q

eversion

A

[of foot] rotates plantar surface laterally

50
Q

protrusion

A

anterior movement of mandible

51
Q

retrusion

A

posterior movement of mandible

52
Q

radial deviation

A

abduction of hand at wrist joint

53
Q

ulnar deviation

A

adduction of hand at wrist joint

54
Q

opposition/reposition

A

[of thumb] is uniquely human; refers to rotation about a complex axis

55
Q

How many bones does the human skeleton have?

A

206

56
Q

how many bones in appendicular skeleton (what does that include)?

A

126; includes upper/lower limbs, pectoral/pelvic girdles

57
Q

how many bones in axial skeleton (and what do they include)?

A

80; bones of skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum and hyoid

58
Q

classification of bones according to shape

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
  5. sesamoid (bone imbedded in tendon)
59
Q

classification of bones according to location

A
  1. axial

2. appendicular

60
Q

classification of bones according to structure

A
  1. compact

2. spongy

61
Q

classification of bones according to development

A
  1. membranous bone

2. endochondral (cartilaginous) bone

62
Q

joints

A

articulations; site of 2 or more bones

63
Q

fibrous joints

A

connected by fibrous tissue

64
Q

cartilaginous joints

A

connected by cartilage

65
Q

synovial joints

A

joint cavity lines by synovial membrane

66
Q

syndesmoses

A

type of FIBROUS; aka inferior tibiofibular

67
Q

sutures

A

type of FIBROUS; skull

68
Q

primary joint

A

type of CARTILAGINOUS; located btwn epiphysis and diaphysis; ‘joints’ disappear with age and bones unite

69
Q

secondary cartilaginous joints

A

aka symphyses; strong, slightly movable joints united with fibrocartilage; ex. intervertebral discs

70
Q

synovial joints

A

slide across one another

71
Q

articular cartilage

A

component of SYNOVIAL; areas of bone that come in contact (articular surfaces) usually covered with hyaline cartilage; has no blood vessels or nerves

72
Q

fibrous capsule

A

component of SYNOVIAL; attached to bones away from site of contact; completely encases joint

73
Q

synovial membrane

A

component of SYNOVIAL; inside fibrous capsule, it secretes thin film of fluid within synovial cavity that permits smooth movements

74
Q

plane synovial joint

A

articular surfaces are flat; permit gliding; ex. intercarpal

75
Q

hinge synovial joint

A

permit flexion and extension only; ex. elbow

76
Q

saddle synovial joint

A

permit ab/adduction and flexion/extension; ex. carpometacarpal joint of thumb

77
Q

condyloid synovial joint

A

permit ab/adduction and flexion/extension although movement in one plane is usually greater; ex. wrist

78
Q

ball and socket synovial joint

A

allows movement in multiple axes/planes; ex. shoulder

79
Q

pivot synovial joint

A

permit rotation around central axis; ex. superior radioulnar

80
Q

Hilton’s Law

A

the innervation of joints is generally by branches of nerves that either supply (1) muscles acting at that joint or (2) the skin covering the the joint

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