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From Flashcardlet > CHA Week 1: Terminology, Back and Intro to Nervous > Flashcards

CHA Week 1: Terminology, Back and Intro to Nervous Flashcards

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0
Q

Nomina Anatomica

A

guidelines for naming anatomic structures est. by international congress of anatomimsts

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1
Q

Anatomy

A

Structure and function of body

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2
Q

Nomina Anatomica guidelines

A
  1. There shall be only one name for each structure with no alternatives
  2. names shall be in Latin whenever possible
  3. Terms shall be as short, simple and informative as possible
  4. Spatially related structures shall have similar names whenever possible
  5. differentiating adjectives shall be arranged as opposites (major/minor, medial/lateral)
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3
Q

Reason for translation of original names into modern English

A
  1. descriptive terms
  2. according to relative position in body
  3. according to function
  4. by eponymic names associated with mythology, first person to describe structure, or first person to associate with structure/malformation/disease
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4
Q

An anatomic principle is frequently the basis for….

A

…the diagnosis or choice of treatment for a clinical problem

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5
Q

How is the person in the anatomic position?

A

erect (or lying supine as if erect) with arms by sides, palms forward, legs together and feet forward

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6
Q

median (midsagittal) plane

A

vertical plane passing longitudinally, dividing into left/right halves

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7
Q

Sagittal planes

A

parallel to midsagittal plane, but off midline

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8
Q

frontal (coronal) planes

A

vertical and perpendicular to midsagittal; divides body into anterior/posterior

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9
Q

transverse (horizontal) planes

A

mutually perpendicular to midsagittal and coronal planes; makes cross sections

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10
Q

superficial

A

close to surface of body

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11
Q

deep

A

close to center of body

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12
Q

median (midline)

A

in midsagittal plane

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13
Q

medial

A

toward median

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14
Q

lateral

A

away from median

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15
Q

anterior (ventral)

A

toward front of body

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16
Q

posterior (dorsal)

A

toward back of body

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17
Q

palmar

A

ventral side of hand; dorsal describes back of hand

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18
Q

plantar

A

sole of foot; dorsal describes top of foot

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19
Q

superior

A

aka cephalic, rostral; toward the head

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20
Q

inferior

A

aka caudal; toward the feet

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21
Q

proximal

A

close to median/near origin of a structure

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22
Q

distal

A

away from origin of structure

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23
Q

prone

A

anterior surface down (on stomach)

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24
supine
anterior surface up (on back)
25
extrinsic
originates OUTSIDE of a part
26
intrinsic
located entirely WITHIN a part
27
varus
angulation of body seg. toward midline
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valgus
angulation of body seg. away from midline
29
bilateral
paired structures
30
unilateral
one side only
31
ipsilateral
on same side as another structure
32
contralateral
on opposite side of another structure
33
flexion
bending/decreasing angle btwn bones/parts of body; ex. bend arm at elbow
34
extention
movement AWAY from ventral surface; ex. straightening leg at knee joint
35
abduction
movement AWAY from median
36
adduciton
movement TOWARD median
37
medial rotation
movement of anterior surface toward median; ex. bring flexed arm across chest
38
lateral rotation
movement of anterior surface AWAY from median; ex. directing head toward one side
39
elevation
raises or moves structure superiorly; ex. shoulder shrug
40
depression
lowers or moves structure inferiorly; ex. directing eyes downward
41
protraction
moves structure anteriorly; ex. stick out tongue
42
retraction
moves structure toward median; ex. withdrawing tongue into oral cavity
43
circumduction
combined movement: flexion/extension with abduction/adduction
44
pronation
[of arm] is medial rotation so that palm faces posteriorly
45
supination
[of arm] is lateral rotation so palm faces anteriorly
46
plantar flexion
downward flexion of foot at ankle joint
47
dorsiflexion
upward flexion (extension) of foot at ankle joint
48
inversion
[of foot] rotates plantar surface inward
49
eversion
[of foot] rotates plantar surface laterally
50
protrusion
anterior movement of mandible
51
retrusion
posterior movement of mandible
52
radial deviation
abduction of hand at wrist joint
53
ulnar deviation
adduction of hand at wrist joint
54
opposition/reposition
[of thumb] is uniquely human; refers to rotation about a complex axis
55
How many bones does the human skeleton have?
206
56
how many bones in appendicular skeleton (what does that include)?
126; includes upper/lower limbs, pectoral/pelvic girdles
57
how many bones in axial skeleton (and what do they include)?
80; bones of skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum and hyoid
58
classification of bones according to shape
1. long 2. short 3. flat 4. irregular 5. sesamoid (bone imbedded in tendon)
59
classification of bones according to location
1. axial | 2. appendicular
60
classification of bones according to structure
1. compact | 2. spongy
61
classification of bones according to development
1. membranous bone | 2. endochondral (cartilaginous) bone
62
joints
articulations; site of 2 or more bones
63
fibrous joints
connected by fibrous tissue
64
cartilaginous joints
connected by cartilage
65
synovial joints
joint cavity lines by synovial membrane
66
syndesmoses
type of FIBROUS; aka inferior tibiofibular
67
sutures
type of FIBROUS; skull
68
primary joint
type of CARTILAGINOUS; located btwn epiphysis and diaphysis; 'joints' disappear with age and bones unite
69
secondary cartilaginous joints
aka symphyses; strong, slightly movable joints united with fibrocartilage; ex. intervertebral discs
70
synovial joints
slide across one another
71
articular cartilage
component of SYNOVIAL; areas of bone that come in contact (articular surfaces) usually covered with hyaline cartilage; has no blood vessels or nerves
72
fibrous capsule
component of SYNOVIAL; attached to bones away from site of contact; completely encases joint
73
synovial membrane
component of SYNOVIAL; inside fibrous capsule, it secretes thin film of fluid within synovial cavity that permits smooth movements
74
plane synovial joint
articular surfaces are flat; permit gliding; ex. intercarpal
75
hinge synovial joint
permit flexion and extension only; ex. elbow
76
saddle synovial joint
permit ab/adduction and flexion/extension; ex. carpometacarpal joint of thumb
77
condyloid synovial joint
permit ab/adduction and flexion/extension although movement in one plane is usually greater; ex. wrist
78
ball and socket synovial joint
allows movement in multiple axes/planes; ex. shoulder
79
pivot synovial joint
permit rotation around central axis; ex. superior radioulnar
80
Hilton's Law
the innervation of joints is generally by branches of nerves that either supply (1) muscles acting at that joint or (2) the skin covering the the joint

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