Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards
How much of the world live in urban areas?
Half
What is urbanisation?
The rise in % of people living in urban areas compared to rural
What is a mega city?
A city of over 10 million people
What is conurbation?
When cities grow so much they merge together (e.g. Tokyo and Yokohama)
What is a primate city?
A city that dominates its country’s economic, financial and political systems and usually the biggest population
What is a world city?
A mega city with a disproportionate influence in the world(urban primacy)
How many mega cities are there in the world?
28
How has the distribution of mega cities changed from 1950-2005?
In 2005, there are now clusters if mega cities in Asia, whereas previously many of the mega cities were in Europe above the 50% line and America
What is leading to natural increase?
Birth rates being higher then death rates
What are some reasons for rapid population growth in mega cities?
Rural to urban migration
more job opportunities to escape poverty
What is informal employment?
Jobs which are not taxed or recorded
What makes megacities important?
Large economies
Trade
Natural resources
International hubs
How do cities influence decision making?
- TNCs are based there meaning they decided where to place FDI which can boost economies and a positive multiplier effect
- political decisions and government is held there which can effect the county and international policies
Why is urbanisation urbanisation?
People migrate due to push and pull factors e.g. jobs and mechanisation
Natural increase in population
What are some push factors?
Shortage of land Population pressure Natural disasters/drought so crops fail No services or technology Poverty
What are some pull factors?
Job opportunities with better wages
Less natural disasters
Better services
Better technology and sanitation
What do cramp conditions in Indiana settlements mean?
Disease will spread easily so there are possible epidemics
What does a lack of sanitation mean in informal settlements?
There is no separate sewage or water systems so waterborne diseases may effect the population
What does a lack of infrastructure mean for informal settlements?
Means they are vulnerable to collapsing and damage. This means they are susceptible to injury and diseases as they spread easier
What effects does counter urbanisation have on cities?
Results in richer people moving out of the cities leaving the poor. This means less tax is paid to the local government so less services
Also improves access transportation routes as many still work in the CBD making it attractive for investment
What effects does industrial relocation have on cities?
Decline in the city centre as jobs will be lost so unemployment increases. This results in people moving out of cities so property prices plummet
Or less tax is paid to the government so worse services and a negative multiplier effect
What are some advantages of formal employment?
- working conditions are suitable
- sick pay and maternity leave
- structured working hours
- contracted so much pay at least minimum wage
What are some disadvantages of formal employment?
-must pay tax to the government
What are some advantages of informal employment?
- no tax paid to the government
- cash in hand
