Challenges of an urbanising world pt1 Flashcards
(34 cards)
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas.
What is the definition of a megacity?
A megacity is a city which has a population of over 10 million people.
How much will the growth of megacities change from 2014 to 2030?
There were 28 megacities in 2014 and by 2030 there will be 41.
What are primacy cities?
Primacy cities are cities that aren’t big in size but they are big in influence and importance. An example of a primacy city is London.
How do named world cities play a role in the world?
Investment- Half of the world’s money comes from London’s industry alone.
Airline traffic- London’s airport systems had 120 million passengers in 2014.
Decision makers- TNC headquarters decide what and where to produce and sell. Cities of the USA, the EU and Japan have these headquarters.
What is a world city?
A world city is a city that trades and invests globally. These are usually megacities like London and New York.
Where are the majority of megacities as of now?
Since 2014, most megacities are around Asia ie. parts around India and Japan.
How has the number of million cities changed from 1950 to 2015?
In 1950 there were 83 million cities, by 2015 there were over 500 million cities.
Which areas of the world had the highest level and rate of urbanisation from 1980 to 2010?
Asia, Africa and Latin America. Examples of cities are New Delhi and Kampala.
How has the level and rate of urbanisation change around from 2010 to 2020?
By 2014, a lot of cities that are developing is still around Asia, as urbanisation is happening in a much quicker scale. Europe and North America have a few cities with plenty of growth to come to and will eventually end up as megacities.
What is a primacy city?
A primacy city that is more important and influential than their size suggests.
Define an informal economy.
An informal economy is an unofficial economy where no records are kept. These economies often have no employment rights.
Define a formal economy.
A formal economy is an economy that is official and meets legal standards for accounts, taxes and workers pay and conditions.
What are primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary services?
Primary: The use of natural resources to make a living.
Secondary: Manufacturing different materials to get more out of trade.
Tertiary: As a country develops, most of it’s finance comes from services like teaching or bus driving.
Quaternary: The discovery and research in a developed country. (also known as the information economy).
Why do primary and secondary industries start to decline once a country develops?
As a country develops these employment types decline because there are more skilled and higher paid jobs.
Give examples of push factors (things that encourages people to leave an area)
- Shortages of jobs/ low wages
- Poorer standard of living.
- Wars or conflict
- Poor healthcare and education.
- Natural disasters
- Unsafe environment due to pollution or crime.
Give examples of a pull factor (things that encourage people to go to a country)
- Better healthcare and education
- Better services
- Safe environment
- Improved housing
- Better jobs/higher wages
- Better standard of living
Define a brownfield site.
Formal industrial areas that have been developed before. These sites can be built on top of, meaning more housing.
What is rural to urban migration?
Migration from a rural area to an urban area which is affected by certain push/pull factors.
How will the rate of urbanisation change from 2020 onwards?
By that point, countries in Asia and Africa will have the majority of their population living in urban areas, meaning that the rate of urbanisation will slow down as a whole.
Why does urbanisation happen so quickly in some cities?
- Migration affects the city’s workforce, however that is dependable based on skills required for certain jobs.
- Economic growth in a city creates new jobs, whether it’s TNCs investing in manufacturing or world cities growing as their tertiary economy increases.
Why are developing countries like Uganda growing?
- Rural areas are poor. Agriculture has improved ie. the use of machinery means fewer people are needed.
- In turn, the manufacturing industry is expanding.
- Improving transport links so trade is improving.
- Opportunities to make a living through informal sector
- Some cities attract foreign companies.
Why are developed cities like New York and London affected by economic change?
- Deindustrialisation- the secondary industry is declining. More people are now seeking for new jobs.
- Low skilled workers are attracted to more successful cities, which leads to the decline of the cities they are leaving.
Define suburbanisation.
Suburbanisation is when cities become too crowded and people decide to live in the “suburbs” away from the city centre. Land here is cheaper and the air is cleaner.
