Change In World Ai Booklet Flashcards
1
Q
What factors affect a country’s speed and level of development?
A
- Environmental factors
- Economic factors
- Social factors
- Political factors
Examples include natural hazards, trade, access to clean water, and government stability.
2
Q
What does the de alice sep describe?
A
The difference in standards of living between the richest and poorest countries.
It highlights disparities in wealth and quality of life.
3
Q
What are some economic and social measures of development?
A
- Gross National Income (GNI) per capita
- Mortality rates
- Life expectancy
- People per doctor
- Literacy rates
- Access to safe water
- Human Development Index (HDI)
These measures provide a more comprehensive understanding of development.
4
Q
What is Gross National Income (GNI)?
A
The total value of goods and services produced by a country, plus money earned from, and paid to, other countries, usually shown per capita.
GNI reflects the economic performance of a country.
5
Q
How does the World Bank categorize countries based on income?
A
- High income
- Upper-middle income
- Lower-middle income
- Low income
This categorization helps in comparing economic development across countries.
6
Q
Fill in the blank: The continent with the highest GNI is ______.
A
[Europe]
Other regions with high GNI include Northern South America and the United States.
7
Q
Which continent has the lowest GNI rate?
A
Africa
This includes countries with very low GNI, excluding those like Mauritius that have higher GNI.
8
Q
True or False: Most countries in South America are classified as low income.
A
False
Most countries in South America are classified as upper-middle or high income.
9
Q
What role does access to education play in measuring development?
A
It is a key social factor that affects the quality of life and economic opportunities.
Education improves literacy rates and overall development.
10
Q
Fill in the blank: Political factors such as ______ can significantly affect a country’s development.
A
[stable government or civil war]
Political stability is crucial for sustainable development.
11
Q
What do social indicators measure?
A
Development based on standard of living
These indicators provide insights into the quality of life in a country.
12
Q
What is the relationship between development and birth rate?
A
As a country gets more developed, the birth rate tends to decrease
This is often due to improved education and access to family planning.
13
Q
Why is death rate a measure of development?
A
It reflects the healthcare quality and living conditions
Lower death rates are typically associated with higher levels of development.
14
Q
What is the trend for infant mortality as a country develops?
A
Infant mortality decreases
Improved healthcare and nutrition contribute to this trend.
15
Q
What happens to life expectancy as a country develops?
A
Life expectancy increases
This is linked to better healthcare access and living standards.
16
Q
What is the significance of the number of people per doctor in development?
A
It indicates healthcare accessibility
Fewer people per doctor usually means better healthcare services.
17
Q
How do literacy rates relate to a country’s development?
A
Literacy rates increase as a country becomes more developed
Higher literacy rates are associated with better education systems.
18
Q
What is the importance of access to safe water in measuring development?
A
Access to safe water increases with development
It is crucial for health and sanitation.
19
Q
What are composite indicators in the context of development?
A
Measures that combine multiple indicators to assess development
An example is the Human Development Index (HDI).
20
Q
What three indicators are combined to form the Human Development Indicator (HDI)?
A
- Life expectancy at birth
- Number of years of education
- GNI per head
These components provide a broader view of development than income alone.
21
Q
What score range does the HDI use?
A
From 0 to 1
A higher score indicates a higher level of human development.
22
Q
Which country had the highest HDI score in 2014?
A
Norway (0.944)
This ranking reflects the country’s wealth, health, and education levels.
23
Q
What was the HDI score of the lowest ranked country, Niger, in 2014?
A
0.347
Niger ranked 188th in the HDI list.
24
Q
Where were all the lowest 10 ranked countries in HDI located?
A
Africa
This highlights regional disparities in development.
25
What is a limitation of economic and social measures?
They can be subjective and depend on individual perspectives
## Footnote
Economic measures may not reflect the true development status of a country.
26
What does a single measure of development often fail to capture?
The inequality within a country
## Footnote
Countries with a high GNI can still have significant disparities.
27
What factors can limit the usefulness of social measures of development?
* Outdated data
* Unreliable data
* Focus on certain aspects of development
* Government corruption
## Footnote
These factors can lead to inaccurate assessments of a country's development.
28
Why might infant mortality data be unreliable?
It is often underreported
## Footnote
This underreporting can skew the perception of a country's health and development.
29
What is a key aspect that some development indicators may overlook?
Subsistence or informal economies
## Footnote
These economies are vital in many countries but may not be reflected in formal statistics.
30
Which measure is considered the most accurate for assessing development?
The Human Development Index (HDI)
## Footnote
HDI combines economic and social indicators for a better representation of development.
31
What might a high death rate indicate in terms of development?
Poorer development if a country has a significant number of older people
## Footnote
This can reflect health care quality and living conditions.
32
What do birth and death rates help to explain in the context of development?
They are used as social development measures
## Footnote
These rates are integral to understanding population dynamics in the Demographic Transition Model.
33
What does the Demographic Transition Model describe?
The changes in population dynamics as a country develops
## Footnote
It outlines how birth and death rates transition over different stages of development.
34
Fill in the blank: The demographic transition model tries to explain what happens to the population in a country as it _______.
develops
35
What is the global imbalance regarding development?
There is a global imbalance between rich and poor countries, with poorer countries having a lower quality of life than richer Western countries like the UK, USA, and France.
36
What is one reason why some countries are poorer than others?
Rich countries are rich because they have made products and sold them, enabling them to buy products from other countries.
37
How does trade typically occur between countries?
Most trade occurs between rich countries.
38
What is a disadvantage faced by landlocked countries?
Landlocked countries, such as many in Africa, do not have a coastline, making trade difficult due to lack of ports.
39
What impact does a tropical climate have on development?
A tropical climate can result in more diseases, such as malaria, which makes people ill and too weak to work.
40
What natural disasters can affect infrastructure?
Cyclones, droughts, floods, and earthquakes can damage infrastructure, which is expensive to repair.
41
Why do rich countries pay less for raw materials?
Rich countries want to pay as little as possible for raw materials, which often come from lower-income countries (LICs).
42
What was the impact of slave trade on development in Africa?
Over 10 million people were transported as slaves, and the money made from their labor went to Europe instead of back to Africa.
43
What historical period is noted for significant exploitation of countries?
Between 1650 and 1900, many countries were exploited, impacting their development.
44
What can result from countries fighting for independence?
Fighting for independence can lead to unstable and sometimes corrupt governments due to money spent on weapons.
45
Fill in the blank: Countries that were once colonies often face challenges due to _______.
post-colonialism
46
What is meant by development?
Development refers to the process of improving the economic, social, and environmental conditions of a country or region.
## Footnote
Development encompasses various aspects, including economic growth, social progress, and environmental sustainability.
47
What is meant by quality of life?
Quality of life refers to the general well-being of individuals and societies, encompassing material and non-material aspects such as health, education, and environment.
## Footnote
Quality of life is often assessed through various indicators, including income, employment, and access to services.
48
How can we measure development?
Development can be measured using:
* Social indicators
* Economic indicators
* Environmental indicators
* Composite indicators
## Footnote
Examples include gross national income (GNI) per head, birth and death rates, and literacy rates.
49
What is gross national income (GNI) per head?
GNI per head is the total income of a country's residents divided by the population, providing an average income per person.
## Footnote
GNI per head is often used to gauge economic performance and living standards.
50
What are some indicators of development?
Indicators of development include:
* Birth and death rates
* Infant mortality
* Life expectancy
* People per doctor
* Literacy rates
* Access to safe water
* Human Development Index (HDI)
## Footnote
These indicators provide insight into the health, education, and overall welfare of a population.
51
What are the limitations of using social and economic measures to assess development?
Limitations include:
* Incomplete picture of development
* Ignoring qualitative factors
* Potential for misinterpretation
* Variability in data collection methods
## Footnote
Social and economic measures might not capture the full context of a country's development.
52
What is the Demographic Transition model?
The Demographic Transition model is a theoretical framework that describes the transition of a country from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates as it develops.
## Footnote
This model helps in understanding population changes and their implications for development.
53
How does the Demographic Transition model help us understand development?
It helps us understand development by illustrating:
* Population growth patterns
* Changes in age structure
* Economic and social implications of demographic changes
## Footnote
The model provides insights into the relationship between population dynamics and development stages.
54
What are the physical causes of uneven development?
Physical causes of uneven development include:
* Geographic location
* Natural resources
* Climate conditions
* Topography
## Footnote
These factors can significantly influence economic opportunities and living conditions.
55
What are the economic causes of uneven development?
Economic causes of uneven development include:
* Industrialization levels
* Economic policies
* Access to markets
* Foreign investment
## Footnote
Economic disparities can lead to significant variations in development outcomes.
56
What are the historical causes of uneven development?
Historical causes of uneven development include:
* Colonialism
* Historical trade patterns
* Political instability
* Legacy of conflicts
## Footnote
Historical events can have long-lasting effects on the development trajectories of countries.
57
What is the strategy of investment by a country or a big company in a foreign country?
To spend money on infrastructure such as roads, electricity, ports, or developing new industries.
58
How does foreign investment help to close the development gap?
It creates more jobs for locals, leading to more people working and paying taxes, which can be spent on improving schools and hospitals.
59
What is the multiplier effect?
The process where increased local employment leads to higher tax revenues, which can then improve public services.
60
Give a located example of foreign investment and its impact on development.
China's investment in a power plant in Zimbabwe, hydroelectricity in Madagascar, and railway construction in Sudan.
61
How many companies from China have invested in Africa?
More than 2000 companies.
62
What sectors have Chinese companies invested in Africa?
* Energy
* Mining
* Construction
63
Fill in the blank: The investment in infrastructure can lead to a _______ effect.
[multiplier]
64
True or False: Foreign investment can negatively impact local job creation.
False
65
What is the strategy behind debt relief?
The world's richest countries agreed to cancel the debt of the world's poorest countries.
66
How does debt relief help to close the development gap?
It allows poorer countries to allocate resources towards development rather than debt repayment.
67
What is one example of a country that benefited from debt cancellation?
Tanzania had its debt canceled.
68
What significant change occurred in Tanzania after its debt was canceled?
The government can now afford to provide free education for children.
69
What was the result of providing free education in Tanzania?
There was a 66% increase in attendance.
70
Fill in the blank: Debt relief helps countries allocate resources towards _______.
[development]
71
True or False: Debt relief only benefits the countries that receive it.
False
72
Describe Jamaica's location in the world
Jamaica is located in the Caribbean Sea, south of Cuba and west of Hispaniola.
## Footnote
Jamaica is part of the Greater Antilles archipelago.
73
Why is Jamaica in need?
Jamaica faces economic challenges, including a need for more education and infrastructure development.
## Footnote
These needs are compounded by high unemployment rates and reliance on tourism.
74
Why is tourism an appropriate method of development for Jamaica?
Tourism generates significant income, creates jobs, and attracts investment.
## Footnote
It is a primary source of employment and economic growth in Jamaica.
75
Fill in the blank: The income from tourism is _______ per year.
52 billion
76
What percentage of Jamaica's GDP comes from tourism in 2024?
32.1%
77
True or False: Tourism is the main source of employment in Jamaica.
True
78
How many jobs does tourism provide in Jamaica?
200,000
79
What is one benefit of tourism for local communities in Jamaica?
It provides opportunities and encourages people to visit the island.
## Footnote
Increased tourism leads to enhanced local economies.
80
What has tourism led to in the northeast of Jamaica?
High levels of investment.
81
Fill in the blank: Wealthy Jamaicans live in _______ quality housing.
high
82
What problems might Jamaica face as a result of tourism development?
Environmental degradation, cultural dilution, and economic dependency.
## Footnote
These issues could hinder sustainable development.
83
Give an example of the 'multiplier effect' in an area like Ochos Rios or Montego Bay.
Increased tourist spending leads to more jobs in local businesses and services.
## Footnote
This effect can enhance overall economic growth in the region.
84
What is meant by the 'development gap'?
The disparity in economic development and quality of life between different countries or regions.
85
How do investment strategies help to close the development gap?
By providing capital for growth, creating jobs, and improving infrastructure.
86
How do industrial strategies contribute to closing the development gap?
By promoting local production, enhancing skills, and increasing exports.
87
What role do microfinance loans play in closing the development gap?
They provide small amounts of capital to entrepreneurs in developing areas, enabling business creation.
88
How does tourism help to reduce the development gap in Jamaica?
By generating income, creating jobs, and improving local infrastructure.
89
What are some negative impacts of tourism in Jamaica?
* Food price inflation
* Erosion of natural landscapes
* Damage to plant life
* Slower infrastructure improvements
* Reduced quality of life for locals
* Poor housing conditions
* Limited food supplies
* Fresh water shortages
* Increased waste management issues
90
Fill in the blank: The quality of life in areas affected by tourism can be negatively impacted by _______.
[poor infrastructure and local economic disparities]
91
Fill in the blank: Improved _______ can help mitigate some negative impacts of tourism.
[infrastructure]
92
True or False: Tourism only has positive effects on the local economy.
False
93
What is one strategy to combat the development gap related to agriculture?
Using intermediate technology to enhance productivity.
94
What is Fairtrade?
A trading partnership that aims for greater equity in international trade.
95
What does debt relief aim to achieve in the context of the development gap?
It seeks to reduce the financial burden on developing countries, allowing them to invest in growth.
96
What has replaced manual labor in agriculture in Nigeria?
Machinery
## Footnote
Machinery operates in more than one country and has led to changes in employment structure.
97
What are some reasons TNCs locate in foreign countries?
* Tax incentives
* Cheaper labour
* Fewer environmental laws
* Access to a wider market
## Footnote
TNCs refer to Transnational Corporations.
98
What are the advantages of TNCs?
* Valuable export revenues
* Grants and subsidies to attract TNCs
## Footnote
These advantages can enhance local economies.
99
What are the disadvantages of TNCs?
* Local workers are often poorly paid
* TNCs can close down factories at short notice
* Management is often located elsewhere
## Footnote
These disadvantages can negatively impact local communities.
100
Fill in the blank: TNCs often have no _______.
[local investment]
## Footnote
This lack of local investment can hinder economic development.
101
What is the population of Nigeria?
150 million
102
What two industries dominate the economy of Nigeria?
Oil and Agriculture
103
In what year did Shell first export oil from Nigeria?
1968
104
What percentage of Shell employees in Nigeria are Nigerian?
90%
105
List some disadvantages of Shell in Nigeria.
* Environmental degradation
* Oil spills
* Health issues for local communities
106
List some advantages of Shell for Nigeria.
* Employment opportunities
* Infrastructure development
* Economic contributions
107
Fill in the blank: Shell employs _______ people directly in Nigeria.
600
108
Fill in the blank: Shell has created _______ indirect jobs in Nigeria.
20,000
109
True or False: Shell has improved social infrastructure in the areas where it operates in Nigeria.
True
110
Fill in the blank: Shell has contributed to building _______ in Nigeria.
schools
111
List some health initiatives provided by Shell in Nigeria.
* Health care services
* Malaria prevention programs
112
Practice question: Assess the costs and benefits of TNCs in Nigeria. (6)
Costs: Environmental degradation, health issues; Benefits: Employment, infrastructure
113
What are the main sources of aid?
Aid is given by:
* Charities
* NGO's (non-governmental organisations)
* Governments
* International (multi-lateral) organisations (e.g. EU, or UN)
## Footnote
Usually from HICs to LICs
114
What are some problems associated with aid?
Problems associated with aid include:
* Poverty
* Education
* Water and Sanitation
* Vulnerability
## Footnote
These issues can hinder the effectiveness of aid.
115
What was Nigeria's goal with aid money in voting?
Improve the number of people voting in Nigeria's national elections.
## Footnote
40 million people voted in the 2011 election, 5 million more than in the last election.
116
How many poor people's incomes were raised above 15% due to aid?
515,708 poor people had their incomes raised above 15%, including an estimated 98,000 women.
## Footnote
This indicates successful poverty alleviation efforts.
117
What was the aim of aid spending in health?
Improve the number of births delivered with skilled health professionals in northern Nigeria.
## Footnote
500,000 births were delivered with skilled health professionals.
118
How many insecticide-treated malaria nets were distributed with DFID support?
10 million insecticide-treated malaria nets were distributed.
## Footnote
This was part of the effort to improve health outcomes.
119
What was the target for children's education with aid?
Increase the number of additional children receiving education in Nigeria.
## Footnote
481,000 additional children, with 48% being girls, received education.
120
How many people gained access to safer water and private toilets?
5.5 million people gained access to safer water and private toilets.
## Footnote
50% of these individuals were girls and women.
121
What was the goal for nutrition programmes in northern Nigeria?
Increase the number of pregnant women and under five children reached by supported nutrition programmes.
## Footnote
4.3 million women and pregnant mothers were reached.
122
How much money was spent on improving voting?
£71.6 million was spent on improving voting and security.
## Footnote
This highlights the financial commitment to democratic processes.
123
What was the total amount spent on poverty alleviation?
£43.3 million was spent on poverty alleviation.
## Footnote
This indicates significant investment in addressing poverty.
124
What amount was allocated for health improvements?
£30.8 million was allocated for health improvements.
## Footnote
This emphasizes the focus on enhancing health services.
125
What was the spending on education?
£6.9 million was spent on education.
## Footnote
This investment aimed to improve educational access.
126
What amount was dedicated to nutrition programmes?
£3.8 million was dedicated to nutrition programmes.
## Footnote
This reflects efforts to improve nutritional outcomes.
127
What was the primary goal of UK aid money spent in Nigeria's voting area?
Improve the number of people voting in Nigeria's national elections.
128
How many people voted in the 2011 election in Nigeria?
40 million people voted, which was 5 million more than in the last election.
129
What was the aim of UK aid money spent in the poverty area?
Improve the number of people with access to formal financial services.
130
How many poor people's incomes were raised above 15% with UK aid?
515,708 poor people.
131
How many women benefited from the financial services improvements in Nigeria?
Estimated 98,000 women.
132
How many additional people gained access to financial services through UK aid?
10 million more people.
133
What percentage of the 10 million people who gained access to financial services were women?
4.1 million are women.
134
What was the aim of UK aid money spent in the health area?
Improve the number of births delivered with skilled health professionals in northern Nigeria.
135
How many insecticide-treated malaria nets were distributed with DFID support?
10 million nets.
136
What was the total amount of money spent on UK aid in Nigeria?
£71.6 million (includes security too).
137
How many additional children received education through UK aid?
481,000 additional children (48% girls).
138
What was the target for water and sanitation improvements in Nigeria?
Increase the number of people using safer water and living in villages with private toilets.
139
How many people benefited from water and sanitation improvements?
5.5 million (50% girls and women).
140
How many pregnant women and under-five children were reached by supported nutrition programmes?
4.3 million women and pregnant mothers.
141
Fill in the blank: UK aid spent £100 million on _______.
[health improvements].
142
Fill in the blank: UK aid spent £30.8 million on _______.
[poverty and vulnerability].
143
Fill in the blank: UK aid spent £6.9 million on _______.
[education].
144
Fill in the blank: UK aid spent £3.8 million on _______.
[water and sanitation].
145
What percentage of African aid does Nigeria receive?
4%
146
What significant issue persists in Nigeria despite economic growth?
Many people are still poor.
147
In 2013, what percentage of Nigeria's Gross National Income (GNI) was represented by aid?
0.5%
148
How much aid did Nigeria receive in 2013?
US$5000 million
149
Which countries are the main sources of aid to Nigeria?
UK and USA
150
What is the name of the USAID funded project that supports orphans and vulnerable children in Nigeria?
'Community Care in Nigeria'
151
What type of aid projects are considered the most successful in Nigeria?
Community based, supported by small charities and NGOs.
152
What is a major factor in the loss of aid in Nigeria?
Corruption in the government and by individuals.
153
Fill in the blank: The impact of aid in Nigeria is limited by a lack of _______.
safe water, sanitation and reliable electricity
154
True or False: The Nigerian government has never diverted aid funds for other purposes.
False
155
What may donors have over the aid provided to Nigeria?
Political influence
156
How is the aid delivered in successful community-based projects?
Directly to where help is needed.
157
What is a potential misuse of aid mentioned in the text?
Building up the Nigerian Navy.
158
What challenges do many people in Nigeria face despite the wealth from oil reserves?
Limited access to safe water, sanitation, and reliable electricity.
159
What are the potential benefits of rapid economic growth?
Increased wealth and improved living standards
## Footnote
Benefits may include job creation and infrastructure development.
160
What is one negative environmental impact of rapid economic growth?
Traffic congestion
## Footnote
Traffic congestion can lead to increased air pollution.
161
How does traffic contribute to environmental issues?
It releases pollutants into the atmosphere
## Footnote
Pollutants can harm health and contribute to climate change.
162
What is a consequence of air pollution?
Health problems for the population
## Footnote
Long-term exposure can lead to respiratory diseases.
163
What type of pollution can result from oil extraction?
Water pollution
## Footnote
Oil spills can contaminate water sources and harm aquatic life.
164
What is biodiversity loss?
Reduction in the variety of life in a given ecosystem
## Footnote
Economic development can lead to habitat destruction.
165
What is a major environmental issue caused by deforestation?
Loss of habitat for wildlife
## Footnote
Deforestation is often driven by agricultural expansion.
166
Fill in the blank: Rapid economic growth can lead to _______ for agricultural expansion.
Deforestation
167
True or False: Economic development always has positive effects on the environment.
False
## Footnote
While it can bring benefits, it also poses environmental challenges.
168
What can be a result of increased settlements due to economic development?
Urban sprawl
## Footnote
Urban sprawl can lead to further habitat destruction.
169
What is a major challenge caused by water pollution?
It causes diseases at most 25% of which affect numerous people.
## Footnote
This highlights the severe impact of water pollution on public health.
170
How does water pollution affect health?
It leads to the incidence of diseases.
## Footnote
Waterborne diseases can significantly increase morbidity and mortality rates.
171
Fill in the blank: Water pollution is a challenge because it causes _______.
[diseases]
172
What percentage of diseases caused by water pollution affects people?
25%
## Footnote
This statistic underscores the widespread impact of water pollution.
173
True or False: Water pollution only affects a small number of individuals.
False
## Footnote
Water pollution affects a significant number of people, leading to various health issues.
174
What has driven urban growth in Nigeria?
Development and rapid urbanisation
175
What is a common issue faced by urban areas in Nigeria?
Squatter settlements
176
What has failed to keep pace with economic growth in Nigerian cities?
Services
177
What major issue is associated with waste in Nigerian urban areas?
Waste disposal
178
What is a significant problem caused by urban growth in Nigerian cities?
Traffic congestion
179
What environmental issue is exacerbated by traffic congestion in Nigeria?
High levels of exhaust emissions
180
What has happened to some green belts in Nigeria due to urban development?
Converted into building sites
181
What has replaced vegetation in Abuja as a result of urban development?
Concrete
182
What environmental impact has bush burning had in Nigeria?
Damage to trees and wildlife
183
What has been reduced due to urban growth and environmental issues in Nigeria?
Biodiversity
184
What is the general expectation regarding the quality of life as a country's economy develops?
Ordinary people will usually see some benefits and their quality of life should improve.
185
Has economic development improved the quality of life for people in Nigeria?
Yes, it has / No, it hasn't
186
What is one social indicator mentioned that relates to the quality of life?
Life expectancy
187
What is the life expectancy range mentioned for Nigeria?
46 to 62 years
188
What has increased in Nigeria despite some improvements in the economy?
Many people are still poor
189
What are some environmental issues affecting parts of Nigeria?
No access to water and sanitation
190
Which region of Nigeria is mentioned as facing threats related to water and sanitation?
Parts of the far north
191
Fill in the blank: As a country's economy develops, ordinary people will usually see some _______.
benefits
192
True or False: Economic development has universally improved the quality of life for all Nigerians.
False
193
What does the abbreviation HOI stand for in the context of economic development?
Human Opportunity Index
194
What are the harmful impacts of economic growth on the environment?
Economic growth can lead to pollution, deforestation, habitat loss, and resource depletion.
## Footnote
Economic activities often prioritize short-term gains over environmental sustainability.
195
What is the significance of Nigeria regionally, nationally, and globally?
Nigeria is important due to its large population, oil resources, and role as a key player in African politics and economy.
## Footnote
Nigeria is the most populous country in Africa and has the largest economy on the continent.
196
What is the political context of Nigeria?
Nigeria has a federal system of government with multiple political parties and a history of military rule.
## Footnote
The political environment is characterized by corruption and challenges to democratic governance.
197
What is the social context of Nigeria?
Nigeria has a diverse population with over 250 ethnic groups and multiple religions, leading to social tensions.
## Footnote
Major ethnic groups include the Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo.
198
What is the cultural context of Nigeria?
Nigeria has a rich cultural heritage with diverse languages, music, and art forms.
## Footnote
Nollywood is one of the largest film industries in the world.
199
What is the environmental context of Nigeria?
Nigeria faces significant environmental challenges, including oil spills, deforestation, and desertification.
## Footnote
The Niger Delta is particularly affected by oil extraction activities.
200
How has Nigeria's economy changed?
Nigeria's economy has shifted from agriculture-based to oil-driven, with increasing attention to diversification.
## Footnote
Economic growth has been inconsistent, influenced by global oil prices.
201
How do TNCs impact the industrial development of Nigeria?
TNCs contribute to industrial development through investment, technology transfer, and job creation but may also exploit resources.
## Footnote
Shell is a prominent TNC operating in Nigeria's oil sector.
202
What are the advantages of TNCs in Nigeria?
Advantages include job creation, foreign investment, and technology transfer.
## Footnote
TNCs can help improve local infrastructure and skills.
203
What are the disadvantages of TNCs in Nigeria?
Disadvantages include environmental degradation, profit repatriation, and potential exploitation of workers.
## Footnote
TNCs may prioritize profits over local community needs.
204
What are Nigeria's political relationships like with the rest of the world?
Nigeria maintains various political relationships, often influenced by its oil exports and regional leadership role.
## Footnote
Relationships can be complex, involving both cooperation and conflict with neighboring countries.
205
What aid does Nigeria receive?
Nigeria receives aid for development, health, and education, primarily from international organizations and foreign governments.
## Footnote
Aid impacts infrastructure development but can also create dependency.
206
What are the impacts of aid on Nigeria?
Aid can improve services and infrastructure but may also lead to corruption and mismanagement.
## Footnote
The effectiveness of aid varies based on governance and accountability.
207
What are the environmental impacts of economic development in Nigeria?
Economic development has led to pollution, land degradation, and loss of biodiversity.
## Footnote
Industrialization often neglects environmental regulations.
208
What are the effects of economic development on quality of life for people in Nigeria?
Economic development can improve access to services but may also increase inequality and social unrest.
## Footnote
The benefits of growth are often unevenly distributed.
209
What are the major economic sectors of work?
Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary, Quinary
## Footnote
These sectors categorize jobs based on their functions.
210
What is the Primary sector?
Getting natural resources from the earth
## Footnote
Examples include jobs like mining and fishing.
211
What is the Secondary sector?
Converting/changing raw materials into a product
## Footnote
This sector includes manufacturing jobs.
212
What is the Tertiary sector?
Providing a service
## Footnote
This sector includes jobs in retail, hospitality, and healthcare.
213
What is the Quaternary sector?
Providing information services or research and development
## Footnote
This sector involves knowledge-based services.
214
What is the Quinary sector?
Jobs that involve high-level decision making
## Footnote
Examples include roles like doctors and corporate executives.
215
What does the term 'industrial structure' refer to?
The types of jobs that people do in the UK
## Footnote
It is subject to change over time.
216
True or False: The economic sectors in the UK remain static and do not change over time.
False
## Footnote
The industrial structure is always changing.
217
What is the term for the decline of traditional manufacturing industries in the UK?
Deindustrialisation
## Footnote
Deindustrialisation refers to the process where manufacturing industries decline, leading to job losses and economic shifts.
218
What sector has seen huge growth in the UK economy?
Quaternary sector
## Footnote
The quaternary sector involves knowledge-based services such as information technology, research, and development.
219
What does mechanisation refer to in the context of economic change?
Replacement of people by machines and technology
## Footnote
An example is car production where machines have taken over many manual tasks.
220
What is one reason for deindustrialisation in the UK?
Competition from abroad
## Footnote
Other countries can produce goods at lower costs due to cheaper labor.
221
What factors contributed to making UK products too expensive?
Lack of investment, high wages, outdated machinery
## Footnote
These factors led to reduced competitiveness of UK manufacturing.
222
Define globalisation.
Growth and spread of ideas around the world
## Footnote
Globalisation encompasses the movement of culture, people, money, goods, and information.
223
What developments have made globalisation possible?
Transport, communications, and the internet
## Footnote
Advancements in these areas have facilitated international trade and interaction.
224
How has globalisation affected the quaternary sector in the UK?
It has contributed to its growth
## Footnote
The quaternary sector has expanded due to increased trade and access to global markets.
225
What has globalisation contributed to in terms of UK manufacturing?
Decline in UK manufacturing
## Footnote
Increased access to imported products has reduced the demand for locally manufactured goods.
226
Fill in the blank: Globalisation has boosted world trade and enabled more _______ products to the UK.
Imported
## Footnote
This influx of imports has had a significant impact on local manufacturing industries.
227
What role does government policy play in economic change?
It influences the economic structure
## Footnote
Government policies can encourage or hinder industrial growth and economic shifts.
228
What is the primary focus of this industry?
Jobs that involve computers, the internet, smart phones
## Footnote
This includes various roles such as software development, IT support, and digital marketing.
229
What factors have contributed to the growth of this industry?
Increasing use of computers has transformed our lives, including:
* People can work from home
* People can access internet through their smart phones
* Rise in social media/apps
* ICT is incorporated in most parts of life
## Footnote
ICT stands for Information and Communication Technology.
230
How many people work in this industry?
1.3 million
## Footnote
This statistic reflects the workforce involved in ICT-related jobs.
231
What percentage of the UK's workforce is in Comicac?
70% of UK
## Footnote
Comicac refers to a sector or specific organization within the industry.
232
What is a significant concern regarding industries today?
The need for industries to be more environmentally sustainable
## Footnote
This includes reducing negative impacts on the environment.
233
What are two ways to achieve environmental sustainability in industries?
* Rel technology to reduce harmful emissions
* Stricter environmental regulations
## Footnote
These measures aim to lessen the ecological footprint of industrial activities.
234
Fill in the blank: Industries can reduce their environmental impact by implementing _______.
[stricter environmental regulations]
235
Name one action that can promote sustainability in industries.
Promote the use of electric vehicles
## Footnote
This action helps reduce carbon emissions associated with transportation.
236
How does using electric vehicles contribute to sustainability?
There will be less CO2 emissions in the atmosphere
## Footnote
Electric vehicles produce no tailpipe emissions, which is crucial for air quality.
237
What is a consequence of stricter regulations in industries?
Less energy consumption and carbon pollution
## Footnote
Regulations often encourage energy efficiency and the use of cleaner technologies.
238
True or False: Deforestation is a factor impacting the environment due to industrial activities.
True
## Footnote
Deforestation can result from industrial expansion and resource extraction.
239
Name one impact of industry on the environment.
* Waste pollution
* Water pollution
* Deforestation
## Footnote
These impacts can lead to significant ecological damage and loss of biodiversity.
240
Fill in the blank: Industries can achieve sustainability by reducing _______ emissions.
[harmful]
241
What is the overall trend in South Cambridgeshire?
Decrease in population
## Footnote
This trend is attributed to people moving out for better opportunities.
242
What geographical area is mentioned in relation to the economic change?
Outer Hebrides
243
What is a key reason for the decrease in population in South Cambridgeshire?
People moving out for better opportunities
244
What effect does the population decrease have on local schools?
Decrease in school enrollment
## Footnote
Fewer children lead to lower enrollment numbers in schools.
245
Fill in the blank: The farming industry is facing ______ due to economic changes.
Struggles
246
What economic challenges are mentioned in relation to farming?
No money and struggles to sustain operations
247
What is a consequence of the economic changes on land use?
Reduction in agriculture due to land being used for housing development
248
What is indicated by the mention of 'number of children per person'?
Decrease in the number of children
249
What is the purpose of transport improvements in the UK economy?
To benefit the UK economy by improving efficiency and connectivity
250
What is one benefit of widening the A1?
Speeding up traffic and reducing congestion
251
What is High Speed 2 designed for?
To allow more people to travel and improve rail connectivity
252
How does High Speed 2 impact travel times?
It speeds up travel times for commuters
253
Fill in the blank: High Speed 2 aims to increase _______ to London and Birmingham.
capacity
254
What economic effect does High Speed 2 have on Birmingham?
It increases business opportunities
255
True or False: Widening the A1 aims to create more lanes for traffic.
True
256
What are the expected outcomes of improving transport in the UK?
* Increased economic activity
* Enhanced connectivity
* Reduced travel times
257
What is one of the key aims of road improvements?
To reduce the time taken to travel to work
258
Fill in the blank: The improvements to the A1 are meant to address _______ issues.
congestion
259
What is the North-South divide in the UK based on?
The divide between the industrial North and the agricultural South.
260
What sector is heavily dependent in the North of the UK?
Public sector.
261
Which sector is dominant in the South of the UK?
Private sector.
262
What was the average household gross disposable income in the NE region in 2018?
£16,995.
263
In the NE region, what proportion of incomes comes from benefits?
Higher proportion.
264
What was the average household gross disposable income in London in 2018?
£29,362.
265
What was the unemployment rate in the NE region in January 2020?
6.6%.
266
What was the average house price in the NE in 2018?
£114,000.
267
How likely are pupils from the North to achieve straight A grades at A level compared to those from the South?
Less likely.
268
What was the life expectancy for males in Manchester in 2013?
71.8 years.
269
What was the life expectancy for females in Manchester in 2013?
77.8 years.
270
What was the unemployment rate in the SE region in January 2020?
3.3%.
271
What was the average house price in London in 2018?
£500,000.
272
By what percentage are pupils in the South more likely to achieve top GCSE grades compared to those in the North?
40%.
273
What was the male life expectancy in East Dorset in 2013?
83.1 years.
274
What was the female life expectancy in Kensington and Chelsea in 2013?
80.17 years.
275
What can be done to reduce the North-South divide?
Improve infrastructure.
276
What is a potential solution to help the North-South divide?
Devolved power.
277
What economic strategy could help the North?
Enterprise zone.
278
What is one benefit of improving transportation in the north-south divide?
It helps close the north-south divide and encourages people from the north to work in the south.
279
How can improved transportation affect employment rates in the south?
It will help increase employment rates in the south by allowing people from the north to work there.
280
What financial support can be provided for businesses?
Financial help to support machinery.
281
What is one way to speed up the setup of businesses?
Simplified planning regulations.
282
What does DEVOIVOA DOWEr refer to?
When local councils have devolved power to spend money on regenerating parts of their city.
283
Provide an example of regeneration using devolved power.
The regeneration of the waterfront in Newcastle.
284
What can regeneration increase in local areas?
Employment opportunities and help improve the local economy.
