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Paper 1 Hazards Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a natural hazard?

A

A natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage, destruction, and death.

Examples include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, tropical storms, and floods.

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2
Q

What are atmospheric hazards?

A

Hazards created in the atmosphere by the weather, by the movement of air and water.

Examples include wind, tornadoes, and snow.

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3
Q

What are geological hazards?

A

Hazards created by the movement of the Earth’s tectonic plates or surface rock and soils.

Examples include earthquakes and landslides.

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4
Q

What are water-based hazards?

A

Hazards created by rivers, sea, or oceans.

An example is floods.

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5
Q

What are biological hazards?

A

Any biological substance that poses a threat to the health of people.

An example includes wildfires.

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6
Q

Fill in the blank: A natural hazard is a natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause _______.

A

damage, destruction, and death.

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7
Q

True or False: Geological hazards are caused by atmospheric conditions.

A

False

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8
Q

Name one example of an atmospheric hazard.

A

Tornadoes

Other examples include wind and snow.

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9
Q

Name one example of a geological hazard.

A

Earthquakes

Other examples include landslides.

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10
Q

Name one example of a water-based hazard.

A

Floods

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11
Q

Name one example of a biological hazard.

A

Wildfires

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12
Q

What is hazard risk?

A

The chance or probability of being affected by a natural event

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13
Q

Why do people choose to live in flood-prone areas?

A

They weigh the advantages and disadvantages and may accept the risk because such events don’t happen very often

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14
Q

What factors affect hazard risk?

A
  • Strength of buildings
  • Frequency of events
  • Population density
  • Magnitude of the event
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15
Q

What is the relationship between population density and hazard risk?

A

More people in a country can lead to more deaths during a natural event

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16
Q

Fill in the blank: The _______ of a natural event can increase the level of hazard risk.

A

[magnitude]

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17
Q

True or False: People living in hazardous areas often have complete freedom in choosing where to live.

A

False

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18
Q

What does a higher magnitude of a natural event imply?

A

It leads to higher damage and death toll

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: If the frequency of a natural hazard increases, the _______ of that hazard also increases.

A

[risk]

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20
Q

What is one reason people may not know their area is dangerous?

A

Lack of knowledge about the risks associated with living in that area

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21
Q

How does the strength of buildings affect hazard risk?

A

Stronger buildings can reduce the impact of natural events, thereby lowering hazard risk

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22
Q

What is tectonic theory?

A

A theory that tries to explain how the Earth is structured and what it is made up of.

Tectonic theory encompasses the movement and interaction of tectonic plates.

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23
Q

What are the different layers of the Earth?

A

The Earth has the following layers:
* Crust
* Mantle
* Outer core
* Inner core

Each layer has distinct properties and compositions.

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24
Q

What is the outermost layer of the Earth called?

A

Crust

The crust is the thin, outermost layer where we live.

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25
What is magma?
Liquid (molten) rock located beneath the Earth's surface. ## Footnote Magma becomes lava when it erupts on the Earth's surface.
26
What is the core of the Earth composed of?
Dense hot rock at the center of the Earth. ## Footnote The core is divided into the outer core and the inner core.
27
What happens as heat rises from the Earth's core?
It sets off convection currents in the mantle. ## Footnote These currents facilitate the movement of tectonic plates.
28
How fast do convection currents in the mantle move?
About as fast as your fingernails grow. ## Footnote Despite being slow, this movement is crucial for tectonic activity.
29
What geological events are caused by the movement of tectonic plates?
Earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. ## Footnote These events are often interconnected through tectonic activity.
30
Fill in the blank: The _______ is a layer of rock between the core and the crust.
Mantle
31
What is the temperature of the inner core?
Approximately 7000 degrees Celsius. ## Footnote The high temperature is due to the immense pressure and heat from radioactive decay.
32
What are convection currents?
Movements within the mantle caused by the heat from the core. ## Footnote These currents are essential for the dynamics of plate tectonics.
33
What are the two types of crust mentioned?
* Continental crust * Oceanic crust ## Footnote These crust types have different compositions and densities.
34
What is a shield volcano?
A dome shape (like an upturned shield) with sloping sides and runny magma that flows long distances before it cools. More gentle explosions.
35
What is a composite volcano?
Steep sided, layers of ash and lava, with viscous (sticky) magma that cools quickly and is very explosive.
36
What type of plate margin leads to the formation of composite volcanoes?
Destructive plate margins.
37
What type of plate margin leads to the formation of shield volcanoes?
Constructive plate margins.
38
What happens at a destructive plate margin?
An oceanic plate is subducted beneath a continental plate, leading to melting and magma formation.
39
What is andesite?
The magma created when an oceanic plate sinks and melts at a destructive plate margin.
40
What is formed at a constructive plate margin?
New oceanic crust is formed as magma is injected between two oceanic plates.
41
What characterizes the magma at a constructive plate margin?
The magma is runny.
42
What type of earthquakes are caused at a conservative plate margin?
Earthquakes caused by friction as plates slide past each other.
43
True or False: Volcanoes are formed at conservative plate margins.
False.
44
What occurs when an oceanic plate meets a continental plate?
The denser oceanic plate is subducted beneath the less dense continental plate.
45
What is the result of pressure building up at a destructive plate margin?
Earthquakes occur due to friction.
46
Fill in the blank: At a constructive plate margin, new oceanic crust is formed in the _______.
gap created by two oceanic plates moving apart.
47
What type of volcanoes form at constructive plate margins?
Shallow sided volcanoes.
48
What is the term for the area where two tectonic plates collide?
Collision plate margin ## Footnote Collision plate margins are characterized by the interaction of tectonic plates, leading to geological phenomena.
49
What happens to plates when they buckle?
They form mountains ## Footnote Buckling occurs when two continental plates move towards each other, resulting in mountain formation.
50
What is an example of a continental plate?
Indo-Australian plate ## Footnote The Indo-Australian plate is one of the major tectonic plates that consists of the continent of Australia and the Indian subcontinent.
51
What is the mantle?
The layer of the Earth between the crust and the core ## Footnote The mantle is composed of semi-solid rock and plays a critical role in tectonic activity.
52
What geological feature is formed by the collision of continental plates?
Fold mountains ## Footnote Fold mountains are created when two continental plates collide and buckle, leading to the uplift of material.
53
What is another example of a continental plate?
Eurasian plate ## Footnote The Eurasian plate is one of the largest tectonic plates, covering much of Europe and Asia.
54
What are mountain roots?
The deep, underlying structures of mountain ranges ## Footnote Mountain roots are formed as a result of tectonic forces and the uplift of continental crust.
55
What occurs when two continental plates are moving towards each other?
They buckle and form mountains ## Footnote This process is responsible for creating significant mountain ranges like the Himalayas.
56
What natural disasters are associated with the collision of continental plates?
Powerful earthquakes ## Footnote While earthquakes are common, volcanic activity does not occur in these regions due to the density of the plates.
57
True or False: Colliding continental plates can lead to the formation of volcanoes.
False ## Footnote The density of continental plates prevents them from sinking into the mantle, which is necessary for volcanic activity.
58
What are the primary effects of a tectonic hazard?
Primary effects are caused by the shaking of the earth, including: * Buildings collapsing * People being injured or hurt * Electricity and water supplies being cut off ## Footnote Primary effects occur immediately during or right after the tectonic event.
59
What are secondary effects of a tectonic hazard?
Secondary effects occur after the initial event, including: * Tsunamis * Fires * Landslides * People becoming homeless ## Footnote Secondary effects can have long-term impacts on communities and infrastructure.
60
True or False: Secondary effects of tectonic hazards occur simultaneously with primary effects.
False ## Footnote Secondary effects happen after the initial event, while primary effects occur during the event.
61
Fill in the blank: Primary effects are caused by the _______ of the earth.
[shaking] ## Footnote This shaking can lead to immediate damage and disruption.
62
List three examples of primary effects of tectonic hazards.
* Buildings collapsing * People being injured or hurt * Electricity and water supplies being cut off ## Footnote These effects are direct results of the tectonic activity.
63
List three examples of secondary effects of tectonic hazards.
* Tsunamis * Fires * Landslides ## Footnote Secondary effects can exacerbate the situation and lead to further destruction.
64
What was the magnitude of the earthquake that struck Nepal on April 25, 2015?
7.9 on the Richter Scale
65
What caused the 2015 Nepal earthquake?
Collision of the Indo-Australian plate with the Eurasian plate
66
At what rate do the Indo-Australian plate and Eurasian plate collide?
45 mm per year
67
How deep was the earthquake in Nepal on April 25, 2015?
15 km beneath the ground
68
How many people died as a result of the Nepal earthquake?
9000 people
69
How many people were injured in the Nepal earthquake?
20,000 injured
70
What fraction of Nepal's population was affected by the earthquake?
One-third of Nepal's population
71
How many people were left homeless after the earthquake?
3 million people
72
What was the estimated cost of damage from the Nepal earthquake?
Over US$5 billion
73
What organization raised US$126 million for emergency aid after the earthquake?
The UK
74
How many temporary shelters did the Red Cross set up for earthquake victims?
225,000 people
75
What type of supplies did the UN distribute to the worst hit areas?
Medical supplies
76
True or False: Social media was used in the search and rescue operations after the earthquake.
True
77
What natural disasters were triggered by the ground shaking from the earthquake?
Landslides and avalanches
78
How many people were killed by the avalanches on Mount Everest?
At least 19 people
79
Fill in the blank: The avalanche in the Langtang region left ______ people missing.
250 people
80
What river was blocked by a landslide after the earthquake?
Kali Gandaki River
81
What were two long-term responses to the earthquake in terms of infrastructure?
*Thousands of homes were repaired* *Stricter building controls in the future*
82
What economic activity resumed after the earthquake?
Tourism sites reopened
83
What training was provided to locals after the earthquake?
Training on maintaining and repairing irrigation equipment

geography (18 decks)

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