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GCSE Geography > Changing cities- Birmingham case study > Flashcards

Changing cities- Birmingham case study Flashcards

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1
Q

State 4 points about the site of Birmingham

A

-began as a small settlement of a dry point site
-original settlement built on Birmingham plateau
-built on high land in relation to surrounding areas
-built at a crossing point of the River Rea

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2
Q

State 4 points about the situation of Birmingham

A

-located centrally in England
-Road links to the north and south
- directly 150 miles North-West of London
-Is the hub for the UK canal network

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3
Q

Give 4 points about the connectivity of Birmingham

A
  • New street rail station id the busiest outside of London
    -Curzon street rail station will be the norther hub for HS2
    -serviced by M6, M5, M40 and M42 motorways
    -Birmingham international airport is the 7th busiest UK airport
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4
Q

Why is it important for Birmingham to have good connectivity?

A

It is very central in the country

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5
Q

Describe the location globally -2 facts

A

located in the northern hemisphere
It is in the continent of Europe

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6
Q

Describe the location nationally - 1 fact

A

It is in the UK ,specifically central England

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7
Q

Describe the location regionally - 1 fact

A

Birmingham is located in the West Midlands

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8
Q

Describe the location locally - 1 fact

A

163 kilometres north-west of London

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9
Q

What are the five parts of the burgess model - inside to out?

A

-Central business district (CBD)
-inner city
-inner suburbs
-outer suburbs
-rural-urban fringe

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10
Q

What are two positives of the Burgess model?

A

-Simple circular model (easy to understand)
-good for cities that grow outwards from an old centre

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11
Q

What are two negatives of the Burgess model?

A
  • Not relevant for towns and cities that don’t grow equally outwards
    -created in 1942, based of chicago
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12
Q

What is a name of an inner suburb area?
- what sort of things are there

A

-Hall Green
-inter-war housing
-some independent shopping parades

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13
Q

Describe the inner suburb
- 4 facts

A

-lower housing density
-houses are detached or semi-detached with gardens (land is cheaper)
-more private car ownership
-parks, playing fields, schools and hospitals

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14
Q

What is an example of an outer suburb area?
-What is it like?

A

-Sutton Four Oaks
-one of the most expensive residential areas in the West Midlands
-private roads are home to the regions wealthiest residents

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14
Q

Describe the outer suburb?
- 4 facts

A

-large houses with tree-lined, speed-humped roads
-away from noise and pollution of the CBD
-houses mostly detached with large gardens and garages
-most houses sell for over 1million

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15
Q

Give an example of an area located in the CBD of Birmingham

A

Birmingham city centre

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16
Q

Describe what Birmingham city centre is like - 3 facts

A
  • buildings- Bullring, New Street Station, ICC and the mailbox
    -little residential land use
    -land use is mainly offices, restaurants, hotels and shops
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17
Q

Why is there so little residential land use in the city centre?

A

land is expensive
- this leads to the development of multistorey buildings

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18
Q

Why are there so many fancy building in the city centre?
- 2 effects of this

A
  • the city centre has undergone major development
  • now nine emerging districts
    -city centre approximately 5 times bigger
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19
Q

Describe what the inner-city is like
-2 facts

A

-land use is mainly residential (to house those working in the city centre)
-houses are still high density, mainly 2 bed and terraced

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20
Q

Name an inner-city area that underwent development in the 1890s
Describe what caused the development

A

-Sparkhill
-development began as a result of the industrial revolution
-1850s houses were built for the working class (terraced with a back yard, coal shed and outside toilet.

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21
Q

Name an inner city area that underwent development in the 1970s
-describe the developments

A

In the 1970s Ladywood underwent slum clearance and redevelopment

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22
Q

State an issue caused by the Ladywood redevelopment

A

Not all residents could return as housing densities were much lower

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23
Q

Give 5 facts about the function and land use on the rural-urban fringe

A

-green belt of land protected from development to stop the spread of the city
-new industrial estates (land is cheaper)
-the fort (shopping centre)
-transport routes
- fewer, larger, more recently built detached houses

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24
Sustainability in Birmingham: - What project is aiming to improve employment and education in Birmingham
-EMPLOYMENT ACCESS SCHEME
25
Sustainability in Birmingham: EMPLOYMENT ACCESS SCHEME: What do they do?
They work with employers to provide jobs, skills and work experience to young people so they can get jobs, training and education to help them achieve their ambitions
25
Sustainability in Birmingham: EMPLOYMENT ACCESS SCHEME: Explain the partnership project?
-The work with other partners in Birmingham including the Prince's trust to offer a wider range of opportunities - The project is call YOUTH PROMISE PLUS and supports young people who have finished school
25
Sustainability in Birmingham: Name a positive social impact of the Youth Promise Pledge Name an economic impact
Improves the lives and opportunities of young people Increases the future chances of employment
25
Sustainability in Birmingham: How much funding was secured for energy-efficient housing? What will this lead to?
-£34 million of funding - Household's energy bills and the city's carbon emissions will be cut.
25
Sustainability in Birmingham: -What project aims to recruit more teachers
Birmingham education partnership
26
What does the Birmingham education partnership do? -How many schools does the city have?
-city council works closely with schools and universities to recruit and retain teachers -the city had 17 teaching schools - one of the highest numbers in the country
26
Sustainability in Birmingham: What thing has made housing more energy efficient more sustainable in Birmingham? - What will this do?
-Government funding secured by the West Midlands Combined authority (WMCA) -will make homes more energy efficient
27
Sustainability in Birmingham: Government funding (housing) How much of what type of housing is the work being targeted on?
-3,000 social homes and properties owned by those with an energy performance rating of D or below
28
Sustainability in Birmingham: Government funding (housing): - give an economic and social impact -give an environmental impact
economic and social- supports people facing cost of living pressures environmental- reduces carbon emissions helping with the climate crisis
29
Sustainability in Birmingham: What is the name of the scheme building new affordable housing for residents?
Birmingham Municipal housing trust (BMHT)
30
Sustainability in Birmingham: BMHT: What does the trust do? What has the trust already done? What does the trust aim to do?
-works to build new affordable housing for residents -built 3,000 homes for sale and rent (making it the largest house builder in the region) - company aims to build a further 2,000 homes over the next 5 years
31
Sustainability in Birmingham: BMHT: give a social impact
Gives people a roof over their heads
32
Sustainability in Birmingham: Name a way that Green Transport has made Birmingham more sustainable
Birmingham's clean air zone
33
Sustainability in Birmingham: How does Birmingham's clean air zone work?
it covers a large area of the city centre and operates 24/7 all year the zone is clearly signposted where it applies the city charges £8 per day for cars, taxis and vans or £50 per day for coaches and buses
34
Sustainability in Birmingham: What is an environmental impact of Birmingham's clean air zone?
reduces congestion of traffic in the city centre (by using price as a deterrent) as wel as reducing pollution
35
Sustainability in Birmingham: What is an economic impact of Birmingham's clean air zone?
money made can go towards Birmingham's economy and help with further city development
36
Sustainability in Birmingham: What is the name of the project making recycling more sustainable in Birmingham?
Junkbusters
37
Sustainability in Birmingham: How does the 'junkbusters' project work/
- a reward scheme run by the university on Birmingham and guild of students (has won a reward for best recycling scheme) -the campus is a zero waste to landfill university -students can donate unwanted items like books and clothes to charity
38
Sustainability in Birmingham: Since its launch (2011) how much money has the junkbusters project raised?
over £135,000
39
Sustainability in Birmingham: What is an environmental impact on 'junkbusters'?
reduces the amount of waste to landfill
40
Sustainability in Birmingham: What is a social impact of 'junkbusters'?
raises money for charities to improve people's qualities of life
41
For what reasons may a settlement be built in a certain area? -6
- water supply -flat land -sheltered harbour -fuel for burning -grazing land for animals -building materials for settlement
42
What are some effects of deindustrialisation in Birmingham? 6
- people were made unemployed -small firms went out of business - deprivation grew (a lack of access to services and opportunity0 -provision for schools and housing has not kept up with demand -inner city housing was poor - unemployment was high
43
What is a reason for Birmingham's location?
Birmingham is located on relatively high land so it is not prone to flooding
44
What are social effects of economic change due to industrialisation? - 5 facts
- Increased rates of alcoholism -Increased levels of crime -Family breakdown - tensions -High unemployment (mainly male) -Mental health issues
45
What are some economic effects of economic change due to deindustrialisation? -5
-loss of income for workers who used to work in factories - a loss of government income tax - Rising demand for income (support / benefits) - Migration - skilled workers leave - Loss of income for local shops and services
46
What are some environmental impacts of economic change due to deindustrialisation?
- Derelict land- unaesthetically pleasing - Empty factory buildings (litter) -Global pollution- environmental issue pushed overseas - vandalism to unused factory sites -loss of local identity
47
Give an example of how developments in transport has caused deindustrialisation - explain effects of this
- 1970s RING ROAD BUILT some factories were removed to make way for the route - affects local economy, created unemployment, need to retrain workers
48
Give an example of how globalisation has caused deindustrialisation - explain effects of this
- INCREASED IMPORTS OF FOREIGN CARS -less demand for cars produced in Birmingham
49
Give an example of how decentralisation has caused deindustrialisation - explain effects of this
INNER CITY REDEVELOPED- old factory demolished to make way for new housing / buildings - empty factory units encourage vandalism and are a public health risk
50
Give an example of how technological advances have caused deindustrialisation? - explain effects of this
SLOW ADOPTION OF NEW TECHNOLOGIES some industries become less efficient than higher tech rivals and are closed down
51
IMPACTS OF DEINDUSTRIALISATION: What were two impacts of shops moving to out of town locations like Merry Hill?
- caused a 12% decline in trade in the CBD - resulted in the redevelopment of what was originally a brownfield site
52
IMPACTS OF DEINDUSTRIALISATION: How had the movement of shops impacted the CBD?
Redevelopment of the CBD through new projects like the Mailbox and Bullring has now seen a growth in trade
53
What is an advantage of edge-and-out-of-town shopping centres for retailers?
Cheaper, large units than in the CBD
54
What is an advantage of edge-and-out-of-town shopping centres for consumers?
free, easy parking; all stores under one roof
55
How has the rise of internet shopping impacted the CBD?
Since the late 1990s it has reduced the amount of consumers in the CBD
56
What are 3 benefits of the rise of internet shopping?
- 24 hour shopping - special discounts - 'armchair' shopping (purchasing without visiting a retail outlet)
57
What is the negative multiplier effect?
The multiplier effect is where investment and economic growth can self perpetuate. The negative multiplier effects is when this happens in reverse leading to the decline of the city.
58
What are the 8 main steps in the negative multiplier effect in order?
-deprives area -little money to improve area -few jobs and unemployment -those able to move move out -people have little money to spend -services decline -more people leave - further decline
59
How did the 19th century influence Birmingham's CBD?
People move away from city to suburbs to avoid increasing pollution levels
60
How did the 1870s influence Birmingham's CBD?
Manufacturing industries relocate to suburbs
61
How did the 1970/80s influence Birmingham's CBD?
Shopping outlets move to edge-and-out-of-town locations like Merry Hill
62
What is the main cause of people moving out of Birmingham via national migration?
move out to retirement destinations like Bournemouth
63
What is the main cause of people moving in to Birmingham via national migration?
increased investment in Birmingham's CBD has created more employment opportunities
64
What is the main cause of people moving in to Birmingham via international migration currently?
Those who have fled conflict in countries (Syria, Ukraine)
65
What is the main cause of people moving in to Birmingham via international migration in the past?
in response to employee shortages, encouraged by the UK government to fill key jobs
66
Describe the culture in Birmingham?
- A multicultural city. 2011 census: 22% of the population born outside of the UK 13.5% defined themselves as Pakistani and 6% as Indian
67
Describe the environment in Birmingham? -2
One of the leading cities for parks - an estimated 571 parks covering 3500 hectares -In 2010, the city was ranked 15th for sustainable cities in the UK
68
What are 5 positive impacts that migrants have on Birmingham?
- hard-working, motivated work force - enriching the city's cultural life -Improving levels of skills where there are shortages -contributing to both the local and national economy - mainly young migrants help to balance the ageing population
69
What are 3 negative impacts that migrants have on Birmingham?
-pressures on housing and employment -challenge of integration into the wider community -the need to provide education for children whose first language is not English
70
What is the order of the cycle of urbanisation?
-Urbanisation(industrialisation) -Sub-urbanisation (deindustrialisation) -counter-urbanisation -Re-urbanisation (urban renewal, gentrification)
71
Processes that change a city: Give and example of how urbanisation has happened in Birmingham?
- Influenced by the manufacturing industry (e.g, jewellery) - small housing built for workers coming in from the countryside e.g. small heath
72
Processes that change a city: Give and example of how suburbanisation has happened in Birmingham?
-1920s rising population lead to houses being built on city outskirts (new estates, mainly semi-detached houses)
73
Processes that change a city: Give and example of how counter-urbanisation has happened in Birmingham?
- Five new comprehensive development areas -built in the inner city, forced people out of urban areas to places like Redditch
74
Processes that change a city: Give and example of how re-urbanisation has happened in Birmingham?
- more people want to live close to the city centre again (close to work/ amenities) - modernisation of flats and building of new housing near canal
75
What does a population pyramid show?
population structure- % of different ages/ genders
76
What are the 3 things you should describe when analysing a graph?
-Trend -general pattern -Evidence- use data -Anomaly - doesn't fit trend - If there is not an anomaly look at something else like how the graph may grow looking into the future
77
How has migration impacted the younger population?
caused the percentage of people aged 20-35 to be higher than the UK average - 66% of the population is under 45
78
How has migration impacted the multiculturalism?
42% of residents come from ethnic groups other than white; 16% do not have English as a main language
79
How has migration impacted the ethnic communities?
In the 1970s many migrants settled in Sparkbrook and Sparkhill (cheaper housing) Communities have developed with their own shops and places of worship
80
How has migration impacted housing?
In 2015, it was estimated that the city's housing demands were higher than expected, rising by an extra 5,000
81
How has migration impacted services?
Having more people in the city is putting increased pressures on key services, such as GP surgeries

GCSE Geography (6 decks)

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