Changing Cities London

Question 1

Urbanisation?

Answer 1

grew rapidly during industrial revolution - people moved to work in factories

Question 2

Suburbanisation?

Answer 2

• lots occured in london from 1930s-60s
• urbanisation caused centre of london to become overcrowded/polluted - suburban areas offered more green spaces
• improvements in transport networks meant people could live in suburbs and commute to work

Question 3

Counter-urbanisation?

Answer 3

• increased car ownership and public transport - people could live further from city and commute to work
• improved communication services made it easier for people to live in rural areas and work from home
• companies no longer need to be in city centre - can base in rural areas where land cheaper

Question 4

Re-urbanisation?

Answer 4

• london docklands area regenerated in 1980s-90s - centre for finance and business - new housing developments - attracted people back
• as soon as few businesses invest and people return - encourages other businesses to invest

Question 5

Why do people migrate to London?

Answer 5

• 35% of all international migrants to UK live in london - demand labour and low-skilled workers
• top class universities in london

Question 6

How is housing affected by migration?

Answer 6

• high rate of immigration leading to overcrowding
• poorer immigrants often live in council tower blocks in innter city - affordable

Question 7

How is services affected by migration?

Answer 7

• increasing demand for services in inner city where immigration rates are high
• especially education and healthcare

Question 8

How did globalisation cause deindustrialisation?

Answer 8

• process of countries becoming more interdependent
• manufacturing moved overseas - labour costs lower

Question 9

How did de-centralisation cause deindustrialisation?

Answer 9

• many shops and businesses moved out of CBD to locations on edge of town along m4 corridor
• land cheaper here - better transport links

Question 10

How did Technoological advanncements cause deindustrialisation?

Answer 10

• new machinery made manunfacturing processes more efficient - fewer people needed
• businesses no longer need to be in CBD

Question 11

How did developments in transport cause deindustrialisation?

Answer 11

• invention of large shipping containers - bigger ships no longer travel up river to londons docks
• shipping trade and associated industries lost in dockland areas

Question 12

Negative impacts of deindustrialisation?

Answer 12

• decline of docks and manufacturing - mass unemployment
• led to poverty and low quality of life - families moved away - buildings left empty
• derelict buildings vandalised - docklands became run down
• decrease in local services

Question 13

How has change in retailing affected the CBG and edge of london? Decline

Answer 13

CBD has declined - falling shopper numbers - high rents - smaller independent shops can no longer afford to remain in centre of london

Question 13

How has change in retailing affected the CBG and edge of london? OOTSC

Answer 13

• number of out-out-town shopping centres has increased - highstreets less busy

Question 14

How has change in retailing affected the CBG and edge of london? internet shopping

Answer 14

puts pressure on high street shops - stores have to close down due to declining visitor

Question 15

How has employment made urban living more sustainable?

Answer 15

• reduces poverty and improves economic sustainability
• london living wage encourages businesses to pay a fair wage - takes into account high cost of living in london
• skills programmes e.g. En-route to Sustainable Employment - people can progress to higher jobs

Question 16

How has transport made urban living more sustainable?

Answer 16

• noise and air pollution reduced
• congestion charging discourages drivers from entering city centre at peak times
• self-serving bicycles and bikes lanes - make it easier and safer to cycle
• electric buses and zero-emission taxis help reduce emissions from public transport

Question 16

How has recycling made urban living more sustainable?

Answer 16

• fewer resources used - e.g. metal cans melted down - used to make new cans
• waste recycling schemes include collection of household recycling boxes
• only 33% of rubbish in london recycled - lowest level in whole of england

Question 17

How has housing made urban living more sustainable?

Answer 17

• BedZED development large scale sustainable community in south london
• houses designed to reduce energy consumption - conserve resources
• have low carbon footprint - subsidised rents (more affordable)

Question 18

How has health made urban living more sustainable?

Answer 18

• improving access to health care - reducing air polltion - providing green spaces
• Barts Health NHS Trust creating green spaces for community use - including allotments