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AQA GCSE Geography > Changing Economic World > Flashcards

Changing Economic World Flashcards

1
Q

What is Economic Development?

A

The process in which people in a country become wealthier, healthier, better educated and have greater access to good quality housing.

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2
Q

Infant mortality rate definition

A

Number of babies who die under 1 year old per 1000 born

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3
Q

Fertility rate

A

Average number of births per women

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4
Q

Stats

Ferility rate in Malawi vs UK

A

5.4 compared to 1.9

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5
Q

stats

Life Expectancy in Malawi vs UK

A

52.3 compared to 80.2

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6
Q

stats

Infant mortality per 1000 live births in Malawi vs UK

A

79 compared to 4.6

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7
Q

Why is it dangerous to use just one indicator to measure a country’s level of development?

A
  • Data may be inaccurate (poorer countries)
  • An average figure may hide huge variations within a country
  • People’s level of development is a combination of factors (health, wealth, education + opportunity)
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8
Q

Human Development Index (HDI) definition:

A

A composite indicator of development (uses multiple indicators)

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9
Q

What does the HDI measure?

A
  • GNI
  • Adult Literacy Rate (%)
  • Life Expectancy
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10
Q

Equation for Population Change -

A

(BR + IR) - (DR + ER)

Birth Rate, Immigration Rate, Death Rate, Emmigration Rate

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11
Q

Stage 1 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • High DR and BR (40 per 1000)
  • No natural increase
  • No current countries
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12
Q

Stage 2 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • High BR at 40 per 1000
  • Falling DR (20 per 1000)
  • So there is natural increase of the population
  • Sierra Leone is an example (LIC)
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13
Q

Stage 3 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • Falling BR to 20 per 1000
  • DR falls further to 10 per 1000
  • So there is still natural increase in the population
  • An example is Brazil (NEE)
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14
Q

Stage 4 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • BR falls to 10 per 1000
  • DR stays constant (10 per 1000)
  • Now there is no natural increase
  • An example is the UK (HIC)
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15
Q

Stage 5 of the DTM SUMMARY

A
  • BR constant at 10 per 1000
  • DR starts to rise (12 per 1000)
  • No natural increase, instead a decrease
  • Example is Japan
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16
Q

What happens in Stage 1 of the DTM?

A
  • Lack of birth control or family planning leads to very high BR
  • Many children are needed to work on land
  • Disease is rife (bubonic plague) > high DR
  • Little medical science
  • Lots of children die in infancy so parents produce more
  • Poor hygiene and little piped water
  • Famine
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17
Q

What happens in Stage 2 of the DTM?

A
  • Lack of birth control/family planning > high BR
  • Children are needed to work on land
  • Parents produce more children in the hope several survive
  • Sanitation improves > lower death rates
  • Improved medical care
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18
Q

What happens in Stage 3 of the DTM?

A
  • Continued developments in health reduce the DR further
  • Relaxing of religious beliefs > higher use of contraception and abortions
  • Improvements in sanitation and food supply
  • Emancipation of women
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19
Q

What happens in Stage 4 of the DTM?

A
  • Children become more expensive so BR drops more
  • Lower infant mortality rate
  • Steady population
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20
Q

What happens in Stage 5 of the DTM?

A
  • BR drops further as children become more expensive
  • BR falls below an increasing DR
  • Increased desire for material possessions leads to less desire to have children
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21
Q

Population Pyramid Definition -

A

A graph that shows the percentage of males and females within different age groups (cohorts) of the population. When plotted, the graph can reveal many features of the population.

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22
Q

What’s the point of an empire?

A
  • To access raw materials and labour (resource grabbing)
  • To gain power - countries were in competition with each other
  • To build global influence
  • To make money through trading and getting access to new markets.
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23
Q

What happened to colonialism?

A
  • Ended between 1945 and 1960
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24
Q

Problems caused by colonialism ending:

A
  • E.G when the DRC gained freedom from Belgium (14 people had been to uni > power struggle)
  • Conflict
  • Borders redrawn by Europeans > little regard for ethnic groups
  • Stripped of natural resources
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25
Q

Economic reasons for different levels of development - cycle

A
  • The developing world produce low value goods such as food/minerals and clothing
  • The developed world buys low value goods and turns them into high value goods
  • The high value goods are sold to the developing countries at a higher price than they made from selling them
  • The rich get richer, the poor get poorer
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26
Q

Stats

Physical Reasons for different levels of development

A
  • Coastline: 8/15 lowest HDI countries have no coastline
  • Natural Hazards: Port-au-Prince Earthquake in Haiti, causing 230,000 deaths. Since then, the country has struggled to develop
  • Climate: Not too clear. Poor desert countries e.g Chad but some rich e.g Saudi Arabia. Central Africa struggles (rainforests) but Brazil has the 8th largest economy
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27
Q

stats

Disparities in wealth as a result of uneven development:

A
  • Europe, NA, Oceania countries can earn > $35,000 per year e.g UK
  • African countries can earn < $935 per year e.g DRC
  • Saudi is an anomaly due to its large oil reserves
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28
Q

stats

Disparities in health as a result of uneven development globally:

A
  • Infant Mortality Rate of 0-5 per 1000 are NA, Europe, Oceania e.g Canada
  • 100-110: Angola
  • Afghanistan anomaly due to war
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29
Q

Migration definition

A

The movement of people from one place to another

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30
Q

Voluntary Migration

A

Where a person chooses to move of their own free will e.g a new job, a better life

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31
Q

Forced Migration -

A

Where a person is forced to leave their country e.g war, natural hazards, religious/racial persecution, famine

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32
Q

Disparities in migration as a result of uneven development:

A
  • 5-10 migrants per 1000 (NA, Europe, Oceania) e.g Germany
  • -5 to -10 per 1000 (Africa, Asia) e.g Algeria
  • Anomaly is Venezuela (-20+) due to an inflation crisis
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33
Q

What is aid?

A

Aid is when a country or organisation donate resources to help a country develop

34
Q

Short-term aid

A

Any form of aid given that solves immediate problems

35
Q

Long-term aid

A

Any form of aid that rebuilds the area and people’s lives

36
Q

Examples of Short-Term Aid

A
  • Food parcels
  • Bottled Water
  • Medical Supplies
  • Old clothing donated by people
  • Money for the government
  • Tents and blankets
37
Q

Examples of Long-Term Aid

A
  • Seeds, fertilisers and pesticides
  • Tractors and farm machinery
  • Farming tools (spades, hoes, rakes)
  • Building materials and machinery to dig wells to provide clean water
  • Medical supplies
  • Teams of doctors/nurses
  • Teachers to educate people
  • Money for the government
38
Q

The problems with aid -

A
  • Tied aid - ‘strings’ attached
  • Top-down aid
  • Corrupt governments
  • Not specific
  • Countries become dependent
  • Loans > interest > debt
39
Q

Top-down aid

A

Projects that are imposed in people from ‘above’

40
Q

Tied aid

A

Foreign aid that must be used in the donor country to buy goods and services from the country giving the aid. e.g China giving Sierra Leone an airport in exchange for natural resources

41
Q

What is appropriate aid?

A
  • small-scale technology
  • simple enough that people can manage it directly and on a local level
  • Makes use of skills and technology that are available locally to supply basic human needs such as gas, electricty, water, food and waste disposal
42
Q

Appropriate technology success criteria

A
  • Affordable for everyone
  • Local people involved in design/planning
  • Simple to build and use by local people
  • Easy and cheap to repair and maintain
  • Local materials
43
Q

Problems to overcome when getting access to clean water

A
  • Water is contaminated by sewage, waste products and animal faeces
  • Water takes a long time to collect - people walk many miles and many hours a day
  • Water is not in plentiful supply
  • Many children below 5 die each year as a result of dirty water - either through diarrhoea, dystentry or malaria.
44
Q

What is rainwater harvesting?

A

Captures and collects rainwater and stores it safely for future use.

45
Q

Benefits of rainwater harvesting:

A
  • Tank prevents contamination
  • Tanks are cheap
  • Time taken to collect water reduces
  • Spare water can be used to water crops or provide water for cattle
46
Q

Problem with rainwater harvesting

A

Reliant on the rain

47
Q

What is a hamd-pumped borehole?

A

A hole in the ground that water is pumped through using a hand-pump which requires no servicing and delivers clean water.

48
Q

Benefits of a hand-pumped borehole:

A
  • Cheap to install
  • Straightforward to repair - locals can repair it
  • Clean, disease-free water
  • Acts as a village meeting point
  • No environmental impact
49
Q

Problems with a hand-pumped borehole

A
  • The hole needs to be dug deep enough or the water might run out
  • More expensive than rainwater harvesting
50
Q

What is a hippo-roller?

A

A simple tool for transporting water from distant watering holes back to homes.

51
Q

Stats

Benefits of a hippo-roller:

A
  • Simple and easy to use
  • 90L capacity > a 5x increase
  • 30,000 rollers can supply 200,000 people
  • Cheap
52
Q

Problems with a hippo-roller:

A
  • Water may not be free from contamination or disease.
53
Q

What is a bike-pumped water pump?

A

A pump that is powered by pedalling a bike.

54
Q

How does a bike-powered water pump work?

A
  • Plug a normal bike’s rear wheel to a friction drive connected to a pump
  • The back tire connects with the former armature of the motor
  • The wheels are moved by raw muscle power
55
Q

Benefits of a bike-powered water pump:

A
  • 40L per minute
  • Portable > ride to different wells
  • Quite cheap
  • Speeds up rate of collection
  • No environmental impact
  • Locals are trained to repair the bike pump
56
Q

Problem with a bike-powered water pump:

A

You still have to carry the water

57
Q

How does investment by TNCs aid a country’s development?

A
  • TNCs invest money and skills in LICs
  • This helps with the development of infrastructure e.g roads and power
  • This could improve access to water and electricity
  • This leads to improvements to transport like ports and airports
  • This encourages other businesses to follow
58
Q

An overview of Malaysia

A
  • Since 1970, Malaysia has seen a dramatic growth in its wealth and quality of live of its inhabitants.
  • It’s developed a thriving manufacturing sector. One of the leading products is Proton cars.
  • With the growth of manufacturing comes a skilled work force and a higher quality product which leads to more income from sales and the arrival of foreign TNCs such as Dyson.
59
Q

What have been the BENEFITS of Dyson’s investment for MALAYSIA?

A
  • inward investment helps Malaysia’s development
  • worker’s earnings help to boost the economy, the more they earn the more they spend so more tax is paid
60
Q

What have been the BENEFITS of Dyson’s investment for the UK?

A
  • Dyson’s profits increase
  • Increased corporate taxes mean more money is available for public services in the UK such as health and education.
  • New opportunities for scientists to work for Dyson
61
Q

What have been the COSTS of Dyson’s investment in Malaysia?

A
  • Dyson moving washing machine production to Malaysia lost 65 jobs.
  • Dyson moving vaccum cleaning production where production costs are 30 pence lower lost 800 jobs.
62
Q

Some statistics comparing the UK and Malaysia:

A
  • UK Worker = £9 per hour
  • Malaysian Worker = £3 per hour
  • UK Office Rent = £114 per sq metre
  • Malaysia Office Rent = £38 per sq metre
63
Q

How has Malaysia’s GDP changed since 1965?

A
  • From 1965 to 1985, it rose from 5 billion to 20 billion.
  • By 1995, it was at 100 billion.
  • As of 2015, it’s at 300 billion.
64
Q

How has Malaysia’s GDP per capita changed from 2009 to 2017?

A
  • 2009: £8635.10
  • 2017: £11521.45
65
Q

Positive Multiplier Effect of Industrialisation in Malaysia:

A
  • A factory is built
  • Employment created
  • Which brings higher wages
  • Higher wages generate more taxes
  • Governments can invest more in schools, health and infrastructure
  • Quality of live and the environment improves
  • Entices more companies to invest in the country
66
Q

stats

Tourism in Kenya -

A
  • 1.8 million visited Kenya in 2017
67
Q

Kenya’s tourist attractions:

A
  • Ol Pajeta Rhino Sanctuary
  • Diani Beach
  • Shela Beach in Lamu
  • Mt Kenya (hiking, volcano)
  • Masai Mara - hot air balloon in a safari
  • Tana River - canoeing
68
Q

Advantages of tourism in Kenya -

A
  • Tourism contributes to 12% of Kenya’s GDP
  • It has a warm climate and beautiful scenery
  • 600,000 are employed by tourism (10%)
  • 24 national parks charge entry fees which maintains them and protects wildlife
  • Visa fees cut by 50% in 2009 > easier to visit
  • HDI score risen from 0.45 in 2000 to 0.55
  • In 2014, Kenya earnt more than $450m from tourism
69
Q

Disadvantages of Tourism in Kenya:

A
  • Only a small proportion of the money earned goes to locals
  • Some tribes were forced off the land to create national parks for tourists
  • Tourist vehicles damage the environment e.g destroy vegetation, disturb animals
  • Terror attacks threaten the tourism industry
  • Builiding of hotels, roads, shops damage environment
  • Safari guides using meat to lure animals affects their hunting instincts
70
Q

% of jobs in quaternary sector in UK

A

15%

71
Q

What is the boom in the tertiary and quaternary sector accounted for by a rise in?

A
  • Information Technology
  • Service Industries
  • Finance
  • Research
72
Q

Footloose meaning

A

Industries that don’t need raw materials and make use of information technologies to locate anywhere

73
Q

8 things

Why has the UK become a hub for Research and Development?

A
  • Excellent facilities
  • High skilled labour force
  • Well connected globally
  • Historic links
  • Government initiatives
  • Superb educational institutions
  • Great reputation
  • Good internal infrastructure
74
Q

What are science parks?

A

Areas of industry that have grown up on Greenfield sites outside of major cities around the world.

75
Q

Why is Cambridge a good location for a science park?

A
  • M11 offers a quick route to London
  • Stanstead airport is 30 mins on motorway
  • Close links to Cambridge University, allowing researchers from there to work with researchers from the companies of the Science Park.
76
Q

What work is done at Cambridge Science Park?

A

R+D in pharmaceuticals and micro-electronics

77
Q

Statistics about Cambridge Science Park:

A
  • Created in 1971
  • 1,200 tech firms can be found
  • These employ 35,000 people
  • Phillips provides local investment
78
Q

Issues with traditional industry

A
  • Amazon Warehouse (M1) is visually and air polluting (lorries)
  • Tata steel (Wales) is air, noise and visually polluting
  • The Mill (Corby) is visually polluting
  • Power plant (Nottinghamshire) is air polluting as it burns non-renewable materials
  • Hope Quarry (Derby) is visually and air polluting
  • Oil Rig (North Sea) is visually, air and potentially water polluting (oil spills). Oil is finite.
79
Q

In order to be more sustainable, industries must:

A
  • Be energy efficient
  • Conserve natural resources through recycling
  • Reduce the need for fossil fuels to produce electricity and for transport
  • Reduce waste
  • Be socially sustainable - consideration of staff and their well-being
80
Q

Sustainable features of the Google Landscraper:

A
  • Rooftop garden provides insulation
  • Next to King’s Cross station > less cars
  • Pool, basketball > staff wellbeing
  • A well-connected point in London > accessible
  • Nap room
  • 686 bikes, only 4 car spaces
  • Solar Panels > 20 MWh
  • 7,000 jobs
  • Motorised timber blinds keep the sun out
81
Q

Unsustainable features of Google’s Landscraper:

A
  • £1b
  • Heightens N/S Divide
  • High population density
  • Bad road links
  • Solar panels may be unreliable due to the British weather
  • Adds to public transport

AQA GCSE Geography (14 decks)

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