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AQA GCSE Geography > Urban Issues And Challenges > Flashcards

Urban Issues And Challenges Flashcards

1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

a growth in the population of a country’s population living in urban areas (% of population)

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2
Q

% of world’s population living in urban areas

A

55%

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3
Q

Rural to Urban Migration

A

when large numbers of people migrate from villages in the countryside (rural) to the main cities (urban) in search of a better life.

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4
Q

examples of push factors

A

not enough jobs, high crime rate, pollution, poor medical care, poverty, lack of freedom, few job opportunities

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5
Q

examples of pull factors

A

better education, more fertile land, more wealth, better medical care, peaceful living conditions, better housing

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6
Q

Megacity -

A

A metropolitan area with a total population in excess of ten million people

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7
Q

Why do megacities grow so quickly?

A
  • Coasts allow global trade in port cities e.g Shenzhen
  • TNCs have focused production in urban areas > wealth for governments.
  • Access to imported medical care + technology are examples of changes in natural increase
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8
Q

Why is Lagos a good location for a city?

A

It is on the Atlantic Ocean coast so there is increased trade with other nations, increasing the wealth of Lagos as a lot of trade (imports + exports) happens on the Harbour.

Jobs are also provided to run the Harbour.

Tourism in beacches brings money to Lagos and offers jobs.

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9
Q

Lagos - Statistics on Rural to Urban Migration

A

7 million migrants between 1990 and 2004.

Population - 300,000 to 20,000,000 from 1950 to today

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10
Q

Push Factors for LAGOS

A
  • Boko Haram are a terrorist group in N/E Nigeria.
  • Large scale pollution in areas such as the Niger Delta by oil production.
  • Severe drought in the North makes small scale farmers to bad harvests > food can be scarce.
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11
Q

Pull Factors for LAGOS

A
  • Lagos is well connected by air and has a sea port.
  • Lagos is home to Nigeria’s movie industry named ‘Nollywood’
  • Lagos has more schools, better healthcare facilities and more entertainment
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12
Q

Natural increase in LAGOS

A
  • Fertility rate of 5.65 births per women.
  • Better healthcare leads to a lower infant mortality rate.
  • More children reach adulthood so the population booms.
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13
Q

Definition - social opportunities:

A

Access to basic services and how these can improve your quality of live.

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14
Q

Examples of social opportunites in LAGOS

A
  1. Education
  2. Healthcare
  3. Clean Water
  4. Energy
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15
Q

inc statistics

Education as a social opportunity in LAGOS

A
  • 11,226 primary schools
  • 2,565 secondary schools
  • 98% of Lagos’ children in education
  • 61% national average (37% lower)
  • 10 universities and 5 technical and vocational schools.
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16
Q

inc statistics

Healthcare as a social opportunity in LAGOS

A
  • closer to healthcare than in rural areas
  • Life Expectancy rose from 37 in 1960 to 52.5 in 2014 = a 41.2% increase.
  • Neonatal mortality rate = 29/1000 compared to 39/1000
  • Post-neonatal mortality rate = 16/1000 compared to 31/1000
  • Under-five mortality rate = 50/1000 compared to 120/1000
  • Number of doctors per patient = 1 per 5,014 compared to 1 per 10,000
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17
Q

inc statistics

Clean Water as a social opportunity in Lagos:

A
  • clean water supply is 81%.
  • only wealthiest 10% have a reliable piped water supply.
  • others have to rely on stand pipes in the street or water from vendors.
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18
Q

inc statistics

Energy as a social opportunity in Lagos:

A
  • Not very good
  • Only wealthy people have access to it
  • You can buy a generator though
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19
Q

statistics.

Lagos as a transport hub - ecomomic opportunity:

A
  • Lagos Lagoon provides a sheltered harbour for ships making it accessible.
  • Murtala Muhammed International Airport is the main arrival point for 80% of flights to West Africa.
  • In 2015, over 7 million passed through the airport.
  • Main base for Arik Air, Nigeria’s largest airline.
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20
Q

stats

How important is Lagos to Nigeria’s economy?

A
  • 30% of Nigeria’s GDP
  • 10% of population
  • New city called Eco Atlantic.
  • Will employ 150,000 people and be home to 250,000 people
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21
Q

stats

How does employment differ between Nigeria and Lagos?

A
  • 78% of workforce work in Tertiary industries (jobs providing a service).
  • In Nigeria as a whole, this figure rose from 20% in 2000 to 50% in 2016.
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22
Q

Formal economy definition:

A

Employees pay tax to the local or national government and are entitled to some worker’s rights.

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23
Q

Informal economy definition:

A

No tax paid, workers do jobs such as street vending (40% do this and it accounts for 90% of Lagos’ new jobs).

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24
Q

Statistics and Facts

Olososun - Nigeria’s biggest landfill site

A
  • 100 acre dump in the centre of Lagos.
  • 10,000 tonnes of rubbish every day.
  • Waste from 500 container ships is also delivered.
  • 1,000 homes are found here.
  • Residents sort 3,000 tonnes of waste by hand, picking out valuable items to sell.
  • Harvesting methane for energy produces 25MW of electricity, enough to power a town.
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25
Q

stats/facts

Lagos Island - formal economy

A
  • Bank (tertiary)
  • Market (food, jobs)
  • Technology (tertiary, business, disposable income)
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26
Q

stats

Challenges of growth in Lagos

A
  • 65% live in slums/settlements
  • 12 hospitals (understaffed, underequipped, underfunded)
  • 1% of households connected to sewers
  • Air pollution caused around 11,200 premature deaths.
  • 3 hours of traffic per day
  • 40% of Nigeria are connected to energy grid and power supply difficulties are experienced 75% of the time.
  • 10% have a treated, piped water supply
  • 25% unemployment rate
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27
Q

Location and Population of Makoko

A
  • S/E Lagos
  • On the lagoon
  • N/W of the CBD
  • 6 miles S/E of Airport
  • 250,000 population
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28
Q

What is Makoko?

A

An example of an informal settlement in Nigeria.

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29
Q

Problems facing residents in Makoko -

A
  • High rates of HIV/AIDS
  • Dirty water not suitable for fishing or drinking
  • illegal to live there
  • Houses are built from hardwood
  • Life Expectancy below 50
  • 6-10 per house
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30
Q

Problems with vendors

A
  • not many, so can charge high prices
  • Vendors can be part of an organised crime group
  • Dirty water causes disease such as cholera or dysentry
  • Girls have to carry the 8 gallons of water many miles, bending your back
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31
Q

Issues with Makoko’s old school

A
  • Not enough space
  • Flooding
  • Structural failures
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32
Q

How was Makoko’s floating school designed?

A
  • using pre-existing materials
  • compost toilets
  • collects rainwater
  • air conditioned
  • Built on stilts to adapt to rising sea levels
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33
Q

How does the floating school solve the challenges?

A
  • Low-cost
  • Recyclable
  • Uses solar panels which is cheap and solves air pollution
  • Sloped roofs to harvest rainwater
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34
Q

Population density -

A

Number of people per square km

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35
Q

Why are the UK’s cities located where they are?

A
  • London is close to the M25, easy access. It has multiple airports. Thamesport increases container trade.
  • B’ham close to M6, easy access. Near a coalfield, historically used for power. Has an airport.
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36
Q

B’ham’s population over time

A

Risen by 4% since 1981

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37
Q

Birmingham’s location

A
  • West Midlands
  • Lots of motorways e.g M6 (goes north), M42 (goes east)
  • M40 can take you to London
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38
Q

stats

Birmingham’s importance - SHOPPING

A
  • 34 million visit B’ham every year to shop
  • Grand central cost £150m
  • £1.64b spent per year in B’ham shopping
  • 1000 new jobsd were created as a result of the new Grand Central
39
Q

stats

Birmingham’s importance - TOURISM

A
  • 37.2 million visit Birmingham per year
  • Bull is in the top 10 most photogrpahed structures in the world.
40
Q

stats

Birmingham’s importance - ARCHITECTURE

A
  • ‘UK Capital’ of modern architecture.
  • Library was nominated for a world architecture award.
41
Q

stats

Birmingham’s importance - TRANSPORT

A
  • Queen opened the new New St station in Nov 2015 (cost £600m)
  • HS2 railway in Birmingham.
42
Q

Positive impacts of migration in B’ham:

A
  • Large variety of cultures brings a rich food culture such as the Balti Triangle.
  • A range of religion > new architecture to the city (e.g mosques) and exciting celebrations e.g Diwali, Chinese NY
  • Tolerance of minority groups
43
Q

Negative impacts of migration in B’ham:

A
  • Social Segregation: the seperation of a race/class in an urban area
44
Q

Stats

2005 Birmingham Riots - the impact of migration

A
  • Between Asian and Afro-Caribbean residents of Birmingham.
  • A riot about the raping of a 13/14 yr old girl by 3-25 Pakistinan men.
  • One died, 35 needed hospital treatment
45
Q

Social Opportunites in B’HAM

A
  • Wide range of cultures = range of ethnic restaurants and community events e.g Balti Triangle.
  • Lots of museums and theatres as well as sporting and music venues.
  • 5 universities and over 50,000 students = a young, dynamic city
46
Q

Economic Opportunities in B’HAM

A
  • Largest number of businesses and start-ups outside London
  • Excellent transport links to the rest of the UK and continuing improvements = easy to access
47
Q

Environmental Opportunities in B’HAM

A
  • 500 parks and more trees than any city in Europe
  • Energy Recovery Facility takes 350,000 tonnes of rubbish per year and converts it into electricity = more sustainable waste disposal
  • Increase in investment of brownfield sites e.g Bull Ring = more cafes, restaurants, bars
48
Q

Social Challenges in B’HAM

A
  • Range of ethnicities are often segregated in areas around the city = social tension
  • New houses are often built on greenfield land which reduces the amount of open space.
49
Q

Ecomomic Challenges in B’HAM

A
  • The decline of manufacturing industry leads to rising unemployment, poverty and urban deprivation
50
Q

Environmental Challenges in B’HAM

A
  • Declining industry can lead to the development of brownfield sites (old industrial land) = derelict sites
  • New houses are often built on greenfield land, reducing the amount of open space
  • 20% of all waste was recycled in B’HAM in 2015 = more waste in landfills
51
Q

stats

2022 Commonwealth Games in Birmingham -

A
  • 4.62 million people came to the city centre during the games
  • 4,500 jobs created annually in preperation
  • Brought in £1.2b, as well as £500m in a one-off construction benefit.
52
Q

Integrated Transport Systems - TRAMS

A
  • Links Birmingham to WBA, WVH.
  • 5 million journeys during 2011/12 > saved that number of car journeys
  • Lower CO2 emissions
53
Q

stats

Integrated Transport Systems - TRAINS

A
  • HS2 to London
  • 3 train stations
  • £600m New St redevelopment allows it to deal with 300,000 daily passengers
  • Lowers need for cars and car parking
54
Q

stats

Integrated Transport Systems - PEDESTRIANISATION

A
  • Shopping area already pedestrianised, with the old library also becoming pedestrianised
  • Reduces urban traffic > reduces levels of inner city pollution
55
Q

stats

Integrated Transport Systems - RING ROAD

A
  • Two ring roads: inner and middle
  • Travellers are encouraged to use the middle one which reduces traffic in the city centre
56
Q

Urban Greening - definition

A
  • Any public landscaping and urban forestry projects that create mutually beneficial relationships between city travellers and their environments.
57
Q

5 bullet points

Why is urban greening important?

A
  • Helps combat air/noise pollution
  • Soaks up rainwater that may otherwise create flooding
  • Creates a habitat for local wildlife
  • Been shown to lift morale in people who see it
  • Calms traffic and lessens crime
58
Q

Urban Deprivation - definition

A

The degree to which a person or community lacks the things that are essential for a decent life. For example… food, water, shelter, warmth, safety, education, healthcare

59
Q

Distribution of deprivation across Birmingham

A
  • Central B’ham has most deprived areas e.g Nechells.
  • Outside of B’ham has least deprived areas e.g Sutton Four Oaks
  • ANOMALY - Kingstanding’s deprivation is high because of council estates even though it’s on the outside of B’ham
60
Q

Link between deprivation and unemployment

A

Higher deprivation = higher unemployment

61
Q

Life Expectancy across Birmingham

A
  • In the centre e.g New St, life expectancy is low at 77.
  • However, if you go North to Sutton Four Oaks, the life expectancy is 84.
62
Q

stats

Housing inequality in Birmingham

A
  • Population is growing 5x faster than houses can be built
  • Only 780 homes built in 2016, a growth of just 0.18%
  • Population grew by 10,000, a growth of 0.9%
63
Q

Education challenges in Birmingham

A
  • Number of pupils achieving expected standard is generally higher in N/S of B’ham rather than the centre
64
Q

What is dereliction?

A
  • The state of having been abandoned and become dilapidated (run down)
65
Q

Social + environmental problems of dereiction -

A

Rats, graffiti, crime (vandalism), drug havens. These all deter businesses

66
Q

Brown field (definition) -

A
  • A previously developed piece of lands now available for re-development.
67
Q

Green-field definition -

A
  • An undeveloped piece of land with proposed first time development.
68
Q

Brown-field positives

A
  • Providing public transport networks is easier in central areas where the population densities are high
  • New employment opportunites
  • New housing can lead to gentrification (old housing done up) > crime rates lower
  • Eases pressure on greenfield sites
  • More sustainable
  • Redevelopment results in more people coming to an area
69
Q

Brown-field negatives

A
  • House prices increase in inner city areas > locals may not be able to afford houses > council can’t provide for them
  • Issue of contamination and making sites safe for redevelopment
70
Q

Green-field positives

A
  • Greenfield sites on edge of towns may have better access
  • Less congestion
  • More pleasant environment
  • Room to expand
  • Easier to build on
  • Science Parks favour green-field sites
71
Q

Green-field negatives

A
  • Not sustainable > too much pressure on the rural-urban fringe
  • New drainage, electricty and roads would have to be produced
  • ‘Sucks’ out the core of towns as shops locate on the edge of towns/cities
72
Q

Waste disposal

A
  • Average UK waste production is 409kg per person
  • It is 695kg per person in B’ham.
73
Q

How to reduce waste disposal

A

Recycle food (a lot can be recycled by composting) and give families compost bins as 30% of waste disposal in Birmingham is through food

74
Q

Urban Sprawl (definition) -

A

The spread of cities, buildings and houses into an area that used to be countryside, consuming smaller villages and towns.

75
Q

Causes of urban sprawl:

A
  • Rise in population: local community sopreads farther from city centres
  • Lower Land Rates: Lower cost of land in outer suburbs because city centres have made people want to venture out
  • Lower Property Taxes: lower than in cities
  • Rise in Standard of Living: people have the ability to pay more to commute/travel
  • Consumer Preferences: HIC people like larger homes and these aren’t as readily available in city centres
  • Lack of Urban Planning: cutting of trees, long traffic jams, poor infrastructure force people to move out
76
Q

Consequences of Urban Sprawl:

A
  • Increase in public expenditure: tax payer pays for this
  • Environmental Issues: Displacing wildlife
  • Impact on social life: less neighbours, people become less social
  • Increased Traffic: more car usage more often leads to more traffic. Air pollution and more accidents.
  • Health Issues: people doing less walking causes them to become more overweight
  • Improved Infrastructure: increased spending on roads and electricity etc
77
Q

Dormitory towns -

A

Places where more people work from home and has good links to cities (the town is pretty dead as everyone living there doesn’t work there).

78
Q

What do dormitory towns tend to be?

A
  • Outside the green belt
  • Close to a motorway or main road
  • In a rural location
  • These can change the look, feel, character and population of these areas. This is known as counterurbanisation.
79
Q

Counterurbanisation (definition)

A

The movement of people out of the city into surrounding settlements within commuable distance

80
Q

Settlement before counterurbanisation:

A
  • Close-knit community
  • Distinctive architecture
  • Primary jobs e.g farming, crafts.
  • Local work
  • Rural bus service, narrow roads
  • Village shop, small school, village hall
  • Quiet, low pollution, open spaces
81
Q

Settlement after counterurbanisation:

A
  • Professionals, executives
  • Swamped local community
  • Detached houses, renovated cottages
  • More noise and pollution
  • Loss of open, green space
  • Closure of basic shops due to people having cars, travelling to major supermarkets.
82
Q

Why was the redevelopment of Grand Central needed?

A
  • New St voted ugliest station in UK.
  • Designed for 60,000 per day but 170,000 visited per day > overcrowded
  • A new train left every 37 seconds
  • Palisades (old shopping centre) had poor environmental quality and lots of shops were vacant
83
Q

Factors that made the Grand Central redevelopment sustainable

A
  • Made of panels of ETFE (recyclable plastic that lets in light, maintains heat loss > improves environmental quality)
  • 60% of rainwater harvested used to flush toilets
  • Land use = shops, restaurants > promotes the area as a social space
84
Q

What did the Grand Central redevelopment project involve doing?

A
  • 5 years, £600m
  • 36 new escalators and 15 new lifts to improve access to trains
  • 300,000 pasengers per day can be handled
  • 1000 permanent jobs
  • High end shops e.g Joules
  • Designed around the flagship John Lewis, built on South Side to encourage regeneration
85
Q

Definition of Sustainability

A

Looking after the needs of today without reducing opportunities for the future

86
Q

What might a city have to do to be sustainable?

A

Uses less resources and prodcues less waste than an unsustainable city

87
Q

Environmental ‘Leg’ of a sustainable city:

A
  • Low/zero pollution and waste
  • Renewable Energy
  • Conservation
  • Restoration
88
Q

Economic ‘Leg’ of a sustainable city:

A
  • Good jobs
  • Fair wages
  • Security
  • Infrastructure
  • Fairtrade
89
Q

Social ‘Leg’ of a sustainable city:

A
  • Working conditions
  • Health + Education
  • Community and Culture
  • Social Justice
90
Q

10 things

Transport Solutions in Curitiba, Brazil

A
  • Integrated transport
  • 5 main road axis
  • Bus only lanes
  • One fare for everywhere
  • Bigger buses instead of a subway
  • 500 to 2000 people per day on normal buses
  • 3000 on an articulated (big) bus
  • Bi-articulated carry 4000 per day.
  • Raised bus stops (Disabilities)
  • Travel time down 1/3
91
Q

Open spaces in Curitiba, Brazil

A
  • ‘Solution of the parks’ > green paces.
  • Turns river banks into parks
  • Thousands of trees planted
92
Q

Waste management in Curitiba, Brazil

A
  • Waste separated into organic and inorganic
  • Recyclers and rubbish collectors started in 1980s (early)
  • Enough recyclables to fill several thousand skyscrapers
  • The recyclables go to a recycling plant which provides jobs
  • 2/3 of waste is recycled
93
Q

Education/Industry in Curitiba, Brazil

A
  • Library
  • Museum
94
Q

Additional Information about Curitiba, Brazil

A
  • People are important
  • Change should be participatery and small scale.
  • Low rates of pollution

AQA GCSE Geography (14 decks)

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