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Geography Paper 2 > Changing economic world > Flashcards

Changing economic world Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Primary industry

A

Raw materials (agriculture or mining)

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2
Q

Secondary industry

A

Processing raw materials (manufacturing)

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3
Q

Tertiary industry

A

Providing a service

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4
Q

Quaternary industry

A

Information and knowledge services

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5
Q

UK changing industry

A

In pre-industrial times most people worked in primary sectors
In industrial times more in secondary
Post-industrial more tertiary and quaternary development
Powys in Wales has the most in primary sector
London has the most quaternary employment

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6
Q

Post industrial economy - M4 corridor

A

Companies like Microsoft, Sony and Vodaphone are based here
Produces 8% of the UKs economic output
In the last 10 years some of these companies have located to London for more connections, urban attractions
M4 is near to unis, cheap land prices, near airports

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7
Q

Post industrial economy - Cambridge science park

A

Along the M11
Opened in 1970 by trinity college
A start up company (abcam) from there is now worth £1 billion and hires 200 staff
Uni nearby, collage links, good quality of life

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8
Q

What percent of people in the uk like in rural areas

A

19%

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9
Q

What is causing rural areas to grow

A

Counter-urbanisation

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10
Q

Case study for growing population

A

Hurstpierpoint (Sussex)
50 min commute to London
Benefits - newcomers start businesses, maintains demand for services
Problems - mostly older people retiring, pushes house prices up, changes rural culture

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11
Q

Case study for declining population

A

Capel Dewi (Wales)
Benefits - 2012 community opened a volunteer convenience store
Problems - shops closing

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12
Q

Northern UK

A

Hills/uplands
Manufacturing
More unemployment
Slow population growth
Low house prices

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13
Q

Southern UK

A

Flat farmland
Less manufacturing
Higher employment
Quick population growth
High house prices

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14
Q

Exceptions to the north-south divide

A

London has high unemployment
Scotland has low unemployment
Warrington in the northwest has high employment rates

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15
Q

Ways to reduce the north-south divide

A

Funding areas
More power to cities
Improve transport ( M62 motorway that links Liverpool, Manchester, Leeds and hill. HS2 will connect London to Birmingham)

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16
Q

High speed rail - details

A

HS1 - Opened in 2007, connects London to Kent using the Eurostar rail
HS2 - due to be completed by 2031, will join London to Birmingham

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17
Q

High speed rail 2 - arguments for

A

Takes pressure off existing roads and rail networks
Reduced journey times
Creates jobs in the midlands/north
Generates £40 billion for the economy
Reduce numbers of people flying

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18
Q

High speed rail 2 - supporters

A

UK politicians
Large cities
Businesses
Scottish government

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19
Q

High speed rail 2 - arguments against

A

Existing train routes could be improved
Most created jobs would be in London costs £42 billion to build
Increases carbon emissions

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20
Q

High speed rail 2 - objectors

A

County councils on route (Buckinghamshire)
Residents
Environmental groups
Taxpayer groups

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21
Q

London gateway, Thames estuary

A

New port opened in 2013
Employs 2000 people, 6000 at adjacent logistics park

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22
Q

Heathrow expansion

A

A third runway will be added by the 2030s

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23
Q

Heathrow expansion - arguments for

A

Helps London compete with rivals (NY/Paris)
Boosts UK economy by £200 billion
Creates jobs

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24
Q

Heathrow expansion - arguments against

A

Increases carbon dioxide emissions
Increases noise pollution
A village will have to be destroyed and others will be threatened

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25
UK car industry
1.5 million cars are made each year Batteries Leah unit environment Carbon dioxide and particulates can cause breathing problems Energy used in manufacturing Petroleum used
26
Nissan car plant, Sunderland (northeast) environmental changes
10 new wind turbines 19,000 Solar panels that meet 7% of the parks electrical requirement Developing hybrid and electric cars Carbon dioxide emissions have been reduced by 22.4% since 2005 SASMI provides training infrastructure and sustainable manufacturing
27
UKs place in the world - commonwealth
Many countries previously owned by Britain Shared values of democracy, human rights and trade Sting cultural and business links Australia, New Zealand, Canada
28
UKs place in the world - EU
Joined in 1973 Left in 2020 Allowed the free movement of people, goods, services Led to economic migrants
29
UKs place in the world - G7
USA Canada France Germany Italy Japan UK Meet yearly to discuss global economic issues
30
UKs place in the world - NATO
Military alliance of 28 European countries + USA and Canada Guarantees security and safety
31
UKs place in the world - AUKAS
2021 Defence alliance between Australia, UK and US Initially to build nuclear-propelled submarines due to the rising threat of China
32
UK trade
Top partners are European countries, USA, China Germany for imports and USA for exports Signed a trade desk with 68 counties in 2021 Main exports are machinery and transport equipment
33
UK culture
UK literature (Harry potter) Music (dua lipa) Cinema (James bond) Sport (Wimbledon/London marathon) Television (doctor who) History
34
UK transport
Increasing air travel (Heathrow) Modern port facilities High speed rail link sit Europe Cable network (USA-Africa)
35
De industrialisation in the UK
Decline in industrial importance Falling percentage of people working in manufacturing Manufacturing industries have shifted to LICs and NEEs as they have lower production costs
36
De industrialisation in the UK - shipbuilding
Yards on Tyne and Wear have closed and the industry has moved to South Korea and China
37
De industrialisation in the UK - iron/steel
When shipyards close steel demand falls Last steelworks closed in 2015
38
De industrialisation in the UK - chemicals
Chemical plants on Teeside have closed since the 2000s
39
De industrialisation in the UK - coal mining
No working coal mines today
40
De industrialisation in the UK - case study
Easington colliery (coal mine) Closed in 1993 Over 1000 were left unemployed Businesses struggled to survive Government responses: Investment in new infrastructure (roads) Encouraging foreign investment in TNCs Regional development agency called One North East (abolished in 2012)
41
Industrial structure meaning
The relative proportion of the workforce employed in different sectors of the economy
42
Globalisation meaning
The process which has created a more connected world, with increased movement off goods and people worldwide
43
Nigeria’s importance
Fastest growing economy in Africa Largest agricultural output 13th largest oil producer 3rd largest film industry (nollywood)
44
Political situation of Nigeria
British colony in 1901 Independence in 1960 Civil war 1967-1970 Democracy since 1999 Ongoing religious war since 2002 (Boko Haram) in north
45
Social situation of Nigeria
Rural to urban migration
46
Cultural situation of Nigeria
500 ethnic groups (Igbo, Yoruba)
47
Environmental situation of Nigeria
Tropical Drier further north Mangroves and savannahs
48
Nigerias trade with Britain
Traded slaves until 1650 Now trade palm oil
49
Which country does Nigeria have main exports with
USA
50
Which country does Nigeria have main imports with
China By 2019 they invested $16 billion in Nigeria’s oil industry
51
What does ECOWAS stand for
Economic Community of West African States
52
What sector is nigerias main industry in
Manufacturing/services
53
Oil and gas in Nigeria
Discovered in the 1950s Provides 14% of GDP 95% of export earnings Vulnerable to changes in oil prices
54
Manufacturing in Nigeria
Cement The richest person owns Dangote cement
55
Growth industries in Nigeria
Telecommunication (115 million mobile phone users) Retail (small businesses now part of the formal economy) Film
56
Transnational companies in Nigeria
Oil industry relies on TNC investment (shell/Exxon-Mobil) to set up infrastructure The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation was set up to keep profits in Nigeria Causes environmental damage
57
Advantages of TNC in Nigeria
Higher economy More jobs New skills New Technology
58
Disadvantages of TNC in Nigeria
Governments pressure Low salaries Economic leakage
59
Types of international aid - multilateral
Through international organisations (world bank)
60
Types of international aid - bilateral
Directly between countries with conditions
61
Types of international aid - voluntary
Through charity
62
Types of international aid - short term
Emergency aid
63
Types of international aid - long term
For development in the country
64
What place is Nigeria in quality of life
157th out of 189 countries
65
Economic development in Nigeria
New jobs Consumer goods Government can spend more on healthcare and education
66
Problems with Nigeria’s economic development
Not equally shared Rich south Poor north Rich urban Poor rural
67
1981 infant mortality in Nigeria
211/1000
68
2018 infant mortality in Nigeria
75/1000
69
1981 life expectancy in Nigeria
41
70
2017 life expectancy in Nigeria
54
71
Aid in Nigeria
Inequality of wealth 1/3 of Nigerians live below the poverty line 10% have access to clean water Mostly given by USA and UK
72
Issues with aid in Nigeria
Corrupted government steals Dependency on aid Donors agenda
73
Benefits of aid in Nigeria
WaterAid prevents disease Reduces dependence on oil HIV programs
74
Jamaica
Island in the Caribbean between north and South America Kingston is their capital city
75
History of Jamaica
Previously colonised in the British empire Part of the slave trade Became independent in 1962 Relied on British leaders and economy before independence Struggled to run industry and agriculture after independence Couldn’t trade with other countries due to crop diseases and world wars
76
What percent of Jamaicas economy came from tourism in 2018
30%
77
What statistic of Jamaicans are employed in tourism
1/4
78
In 2017 how many tourists visited Jamaica
4.3 million
79
How does tourism in Jamaica develop
New economic opportunities Building developments Transport links Larger ports
80
How many stopover tourists did Jamaica have in 2011
1.9 million
81
What percent of the GDP does tourism bring to Jamaica
20%
82
How many Jamaican locals work in tourism
200,000
83
Kingston (Jamaica) tourism
Capital city 1 out of 2 airports New hotel developments Museums (Bob Marley, Usain Bolt)
84
Montego Bay (Jamaica) tourism
Popular tourist resort Sand beaches Water sports/fishing Cultural attractions Accessible for people on cruise ships
85
Cockpit country (Jamaica) tourism
Natural location 500 square feet of rainforest Exotic species Cave systems
86
Positive effects of tourism on Jamaica
Job opportunities - hotels, restaurants, attractions, constructions. Provides a stable income for locals Reputation - benefits political and investment opportunities
87
Negative effects of tourism on Jamaica - global warming
Construction requires concrete which releases carbon dioxide in production
88
Negative effects of tourism on Jamaica - ecosystems
Tourism attracts foreign attention Mining damages
89
Negative effects of tourism on Jamaica - pollution
Taxis Train Boats Release air pollution
90
Negative effects of tourism on Jamaica
Jobs are seasonal TNCs organise holidays and take a lot of money out of Jamaica Locals can be paid less Problems with sex tourism and drugs Building developments take away land from farms Water can be taken away from locals Locals can not always afford facilities which are meant for tourists

Geography Paper 2 (3 decks)

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