Resources Flashcards
(159 cards)
1
Q
Resource meaning
A
Anything that has purpose or value for humans
2
Q
Well-being meaning
A
State of being comfortable, healthy or happy
3
Q
Local food sourcing meaning
A
A methods of food production that is local rather than National or international
Food is grown and harvested close to consumer homes and distributed over shorter distances
4
Q
Food miles meaning
A
The distance covered supplying food to consumers
5
Q
Carbon footprint meaning
A
A measurement of all of the greenhouse gases we individually produce, through biting fossil fuels for electricity, transport, etc
Expressed as tonnes or kg of carbon dioxide equivalent
6
Q
Agribusiness meaning
A
Application of business skills to agriculture
7
Q
Energy mix meaning
A
The range of energy sources of a region or country, both renewable and non renewable
8
Q
Fossil fuel meaning
A
A natural fuel such as coal or gas formed in the geological past from remains of living organisms
9
Q
How does food effect economic well-being
A
Farmers rely on food profits
Agriculture industry
Processing/transport industry
People need to be nourished to do jobs/education well
10
Q
How does food effect social well being
A
Increases life expectancy
Malnourishment leads to low quality of life
Obesity decreases social well-being
Helps fight diseases
11
Q
How does water effect economic well being
A
In areas of low water security, having to walk miles to find water reduces time to contribute to the economy
Needed for industries (clothes, metal work)
12
Q
How does water effect social well-being
A
Drinking dirty water reduces life expectancy
13
Q
How does energy effect economic well-being
A
Used to power factories which makes jobs to buy and sell
14
Q
How does energy effect social well-being
A
Electricity powers heaters, ovens, keeps people healthy and improves quality of life
15
Q
Global inequalities in the supply of food
A
HICs have a steadier supply
Areas with fast population growth find difficulties in supplying the growing population
16
Q
Global inequalities in the consumption of food
A
3,200 calories per day are consumed in the UK
1,580 calories per day in Somalia
17
Q
Global inequalities in the supply of water
A
Limited and unequally distributed
Countries might give enough water but not enough money to extract it
Hot climate limits supply
18
Q
Global inequalities in consumption of water
A
Global average water footprint is 1,240 litres per person
2,483 litres in USA
897 litres in Bangladesh
19
Q
Global inequalities in supply of energy
A
New processes and products create a higher need for energy
LICs and NEEs develop industrially and do have little energy left in supplies
20
Q
Global inequalities in consumption of energy
A
The richest 1 billion people in the world consume 50% of the worlds energy
The poorest 1 billion consume 4%
From 2003 to 2011 China saw an increase in energy consumption by 53%
21
Q
UK food demand
A
Population is increasing, so is demand
UK produces 60% of our own food, 40% is imported
22
Q
Why do we import food
A
UK produced food can be expensive due to poor harvests and expensive animal feed
Supermarkets compete so want cheaper food from abroad
UK population has gone from 65 million in 2016 to 73 million in 2037
UK climate is unsuitable to produce foods like cocoa, tea, bananas
High demand for seasonal food all year round (strawberries, apples)
High demand for choice and exotic foods
23
Q
Where do we import bananas from
A
Ecuador and Colombia
24
Q
Where do we import chocolate from
A
Nigeria and Ghana
25
Challenges of changing consumer demand in LICs
Less land available for locals food
Exported crops often need large amounts of water in places of water scarcity
Workers growing goo are exposed to chemicals like pesticides without protective clothing
26
Opportunities of changing consumer demand in LICs
Increases demand for organic food allows more environment protection
Jobs are created in farming, transport, packaging
More wages lead to more government tax, which can fund facilities for the country like hospitals and schools
27
Importing food description
Food comes from countries all around the world
Mostly fresh fruit and veg
Travel by plane and lorry
The larger the food miles, the larger the carbon footprint
28
Importing food opportunities
Supermarkets make money selling exotic foods
Distribution companies make money
29
Importing food challenges
Increases carbon emissions causing climate change
Can lead to UK farmers going out of business
30
Local food sourcing description
People have started to become aware of environmental impacts of importing
Increased demand for food produced in the uk
31
Local food sourcing opportunities
UK farmers make more profit
More jobs available in agriculture
UK consumers get fresher goods
32
Local food sourcing challenges
Not all food can be grown in UK climate
Not a cheap as imported goods
33
UK tomato’s
UK tomato’s have a higher carbon footprint that Spanish grown ones due to energy needed to heat greenhouses
34
Agribusiness
Central in east anglia
Increases UK yields
Easier access to local food sourcing in the UK
35
Causes of water pollution
Agricultural chemicals
Industrial processes
Rubbish/waste
Boat pollution
Untreated waste
Road run off
Inappropriate domestic waste sewage
36
Largest reservoir in the country
Kielder reservoir
North east
37
UK rainfall
Higher in the west and lower in the east
Due to more mountainous ground in the west causing relief rainfall
38
Supply and demand of water
Highest water supply in west
Highest demand in built up cities in the northeast (flatland)
39
How much has the UKs demand for water increased since 1985
By 70%
40
Increasing demand for water - household appliances
As people earn more they buy household appliances to make their lives easier
Dishwashers, washing machines use more water than normal washing
41
Increasing demand for water - population increase
More people using water for everyday activities
Increase in personal hygiene (washing)
Need more water to grow more crops for more people
Used for drinking, cooking
42
Increasing demand for water - new housing
New houses are connected to water supply
More water is used in homes for showering, cooking, washing
43
Water supply in the UK
Water surplus areas are in the west
Water deficit in the southeast
44
Strategy’s to maintain water supply - water transfer schemes
Water is transferred by pipelines from areas of surplus to deficit
Ensures water supply in areas of greatest demand
45
Strategy’s to maintain water supply - dams and reservoirs
In areas of surplus and deficit dans are built across rivers to stop flow and create reservoirs
Maintains water supply
46
Strategy’s to maintain water supply - water conservation
In areas of deficit to maintain water supply and reduce wastage
Hosepipe bans
Closing car washes
Water meters
47
Managing UK water pollution - legislation
Strict laws about what factories and farms can put into water sources
Water companies have clear regulations and penalties
Water Supply Regulations 2000 determines the quality of our drinking water
48
Managing UK water pollution - education campaigns
Help the public understand what not to put down the toilet/sink
Bag and bin schemes
49
Managing UK water pollution - waste water treatments
Removes solids like soil and bacteria to produce clean water
Thames water treatments
50
Managing UK water pollution - better treatment plans and investing in new infrastructure
Can prevent acid spills and accidents
Thames Water is investing in its sewage works, and new tunnels to prevent the overflow of current sewers
51
Managing UK water pollution - Pollution traps
Reed beds which filter out pollution
52
Managing UK water pollution - green walls and roofs
Filter out pollutants in rainwater
A 31-storey high rise green roof has been created on Canary Wharf by Barclays Bank, 160 meters above ground at its global HQ
Green roofs are good for climate and water cycle
Retain water that otherwise would have gone down the drain
53
Why has energy demand in the UK fallen
De industrialisation
Improved energy conservation
54
What year and by how much did zero carbon fuels outperform fossil fuels in the UKs energy mix
2023
51%
55
What fossil fuel has declined the greatest in electricity production
Coal
56
Which energy source has increased the most in electricity production
Wind
57
What percent of known oil and natural gas have we used
75%
Effects energy security
58
What percent of our gas comes from Norway
22%
59
In 2021 what were the UKs main energy sources
Oil - 50% (used in transport)
Gas - 44% (heating homes)
Electricity - 25% (used in homes and industry)
60
In 2022 what sources was UK electricity generated by
Gas - 39%
Wind - 27% (specifically off shore)
Nuclear - 16%
Biomass - 5%
Coal - 2%
Solar - 4%
61
What percent of UK electricity came from coal in 2012
43%
62
In 2022 renewable and nuclear sources accounted for … of UK electricity
48.5%
63
Energy security meaning
An uninterrupted availability of energy sources at an affordable price
Energy surplus (e.g Norway, Qatar, Russia)
64
Energy insecurity meaning
A situation where a country has to rely on others to supply most of its energy
Energy deficit (e.g Ukraine)
65
Primary energy meaning
Using a resource directly
Like burning coal
66
Secondary energy meaning
When fuel is converted through 2 stages or more
Like refining car petrol or electric
67
Tar sands/oil sands meaning
A combination of clay, sand, water and bitumen, a heavy black viscous oil
68
Renewable energy source meaning
A resource which is not diminished when it’s used
It recurs and cannot be exhausted
69
Non renewable energy source meaning
Resources that, once they have been used, can never be used again
Finite
70
Energy conservation meaning
Reducing energy consumption by using less energy and becoming more efficient in using existing energy sources
71
What did the PM ban in 2022
Fracking for shale gas due to water pollution concerns
72
What was banned in 2016
On shore wind farms due to complaints that they ruined the countryside
73
What percent of the UKs energy is imported
38%
74
What year did the UK begin to need oil and gas imports
2004
75
When did energy demand at its peak
Cold December days in 2022
47 giga watts
76
At peak energy time what did wind energy contribute
7 gigawatts
On one day less than 1 giga watt
77
What is the problem with Solar panels
They give no output after 3:30pm
78
When are renewables least reliable
Dark days with no wind
79
When do the government hope to be totally renewable by
2035
80
Wind energy case study - details
London Array off-shore wind farm
20 miles off the Kent coast
175 wind turbines
81
Wind energy case study - positives
Renewable energy will never run out
Low operating costs
Efficient space use
82
Wind energy case study - negatives
Creates intermittent (not continuously available energy)
Water pollution
Noise/visual pollution
Impact on birds
High building costs
83
What is fracking for gas
Hydraulic fracturing
Accesses shale gas underground
Can be burned to generate electricity
84
Negatives of fracking for gas
Causes earth tremors
Concerts that chemicals will pollute groundwater
85
Why is a dépendance on other countries for energy bad
Countries in energy deficit
Makes a country politically vulnerable
86
Reasons for increased global energy consumption - development
Development and the accompanying rise in living standards increases energy consumption
Increased industry use and rapid development in NEEs like India
87
Reasons for increased global energy consumption - population growth
Huge rise in global population increases consumption
88
Reasons for increased global energy consumption - modern technology
More and more people have access to energy so consumption increases
89
Physical factors effecting energy supply - environmental care
Concerns of Nuclear power disposal makes it harder to build nuclear power stations
90
Physical factors effecting energy supply -
geology
Whether a country contains a fuel deposit
Depends on accessibility and if they have a capital to exploit them
91
Physical factors effecting energy supply -
climate
More wind, rain, sun gives more chances for renewable energy
92
Physical factors effecting energy supply -
environmental conditions
Harsh climates and difficult terrain can affect the accessibility of fuel and increase prices
93
Human factors effecting energy supply - international agreements
Kyoto protocol means in some counties they can’t use as much fossil fuels as they used to
94
Human factors effecting energy supply - costs of exploitation and production
Low production costs lead to cheap energy
Cheaper energy sources are more likely to be exploited
Movement in energy market price can be explained by supply and demand
95
Human factors effecting energy supply - technology
Some countries might have deposits but now the tech to exploit them
Advances in tech show new ways to generate, access and exploit energy sources
96
Human factors effecting energy supply - political factors
Countries need to be politically stable to guarantee an uninterrupted energy supply
E.g oil imports of Libya have been cut off due to the civil war there
Politically friendly countries (EU, NATO) are more likely to provide stable energy
97
Impacts of energy insecurity on industry - economic
Vulnerable to energy prices
Risk of loosing out to foreign competition
Reduced output
Power cuts and rationing can lead to decreased economic output
98
Impacts of energy insecurity on industry - social
Jobs at rush as sales fall, cutting jobs offsets falling sales
Inconvenienced by power cuts in the home
99
Impacts of energy insecurity on industry - environmental
Drilling for fossil fuels in environmentally sensitive areas damage ecosystems
Flooding valleys for hydroelectric power displaced people
100
Impacts of energy insecurity on farming - economic
Some LICs use biofuel that takes farming land away
Modern, large scale farming uses a lot of energy
Vulnerable to energy prices
Rises make food more expensive
Competition from foreign suppliers
101
Impacts of energy insecurity on farming - social
Rise in energy costs increases cost of living as food prices rise
102
Impacts of energy insecurity on farming - environment
In Brazil forests are clears for wood and land is used for biofuel
103
What can countries in energy insecurity do
Further exploit own resources
Import resources from elsewhere
Reduce consumption
104
Energy conflicts
Conflicts between home produced goods and imported (particularly in countries with low energy costs)
Conflict between countries with sufficient energy supplies and those without
Conflicts between main energy consumers: people, agriculture, industry, transport
105
How do countries increase energy sources
Either exploit more fossil fuels or
Develop more renewable energies
106
The world needs to increase energy’s supplies in ways that…
Reduce environmental damage
Are affordable
Suit available technology
Don’t increase energy insecurity
107
Hydrogen as a fuel source avantages
Abundant
High in energy
108
Hydrogen as a fuel source disadvantages
Doesn’t occur on its own
Has to be separated through heat or electrolysis (expensive and uses energy)
109
Fossil fuel case study
Alberta in Canada has most of the worlds tar sands
In an area larger than England
110
Fossil fuel case study - die to tar sands what oil reserve does Canada have
3rd largest
111
Fossil fuel case study - where are tar sands mines from
Beneath a conifer forest, trees and soil are removed, bitumen layer is shallow enough to be strip mined in open pits
112
Fossil fuel case study - oil pipeline
Keystone Pipeline System runs from Alberta to refineries in Illinois and Texas
2,100 miles long
113
Fossil fuel case study - how much energy is used to extract the oil
1 barrel is used for the extraction of every 2 barrels
114
Fossil fuel case study - water use in tar sands
Huge amounts of water are needed to separate the sands
115
Fossil fuel case study - how much of the worlds oil come from tar sands
2 trillion barrels
116
Fossil fuel case study - how is oil extracted from tar sands
1. Strip mines the sand
2. Mixed with hot water to create a slurry
3. Goes to an extraction plant where it’s separated into froth, water, sand
4. Froth is skimmed off, mixed with solvents, spun in a centrifuge and processed into oil
117
Fossil fuel case study - advantages
High salaries
Can produce oil for 50 years
Will keep oil prices lower
Economic driver in Alberta
Jobs for Native Americans
Stable source country
GHG emissions could be minimised through carbon capture
118
Fossil fuel case study - disadvantages
Oil sands are canadas largest source of carbon dioxide emissions
Large water consumption 3:1 in processing
Water pollution, 3 million gallons of toxic water run off daily
Destroys the forest (carbon sink)
Widespread habitat destruction
119
How do hydrogen cars work
Hydrogen fuel cell creates energy by combining hydrogen and oxygen so the only exhaust is water and small amounts of nitrous oxide
Hydrogen can be burnt from liquid hydrogen with near zero emissions
120
What can hydrogen fuel cells run
Transport
Space shuttles
121
Why is hydrogen fuel good
If hydrogen prices decrease, it should be a sustainable source if energy for the future
122
Wind energy - costs
Disrupts natural scenery
Intermittent generation
Off shore farms are far away from energy requirements (transportation costs)
4 bird deaths per year due to blades
123
Wind energy - benefits
Renewed each day
Clean energy
Most efficient and inexpensive renewable source
124
Solar energy - costs
Can ta up land used for growing crops
Can harm the environment (contains silicon and other toxic metals)
Desert habitats are easily damaged during installation
125
Solar energy - benefits
Clean energy
Excess in individual panels can be sold to energy providers
Little maintenance Required
No sound pollution
126
Hydroelectric energy - costs
Expensive to build
Can spoil natural views
Can displace farmland/villages
Can change river flows - impacts wildlife
127
Hydroelectric energy - benefits
Cost-competitive
Reliable and constant (few fluctuations)
Base-load power (minimum energy)
Dans and reservoirs can be constructed, helps save water supply
128
Biofuel energy - costs
Water needed for crops
Large land use
Demand for biofuels and lack of land causes an increase in deforestation
129
Biofuel energy - benefits
Burning biofuels produces fewer carbon emissions and toxic chemicals than fossil fuels
Cheaper than fossil fuels
Can be made from waste products
130
Hydrogen energy - costs
Future technology (current costs are higher than benefits)
Energy is needed to release hydrogen from water
Difficult to store safely under pressure, research challenge for projects like hydrogen fueled cars
131
Hydrogen energy - benefits
Clean energy
Made from water, doesn’t rely on fuel reserves in environmentally sensitive areas
Very efficient
132
Ways to conserve energy
Designing homes, workplaces and transport for sustainability
Reducing demand
Using technology to increase efficiency in use of fossil fuels
133
Sustainable development meaning
Development that meets the need of the present without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs
134
Sustainable energy suppliers meaning
Energy that can potentially be used well into the future without harming future generations
Sustainable energy is the combination of energy savings, energy efficiency measures and technology, renewable energy sources
135
Ways to reduce an individuals carbon footprint
Buying local/in season food to reduce food miles
Walking or cycling short journeys
Using public transport for longer journeys
Buying an electric or hybrid car
Switch off electric devices when not in use
Buy energy efficient goods (energy saving bulbs)
Turn off car engines when stopping for longer than a minute
136
Energy from oil - costs
Land disturbance in the environment
GHG emissions
Often leads to wars (gulf war)
137
Energy from oil - benefits
Powers transport
138
Energy from gas - costs
Releases methane and carbon dioxide
139
Energy from gas - benefits
Fewer GHG emissions compared to other fossil fuels
140
Energy from coal - costs
Negative ecological impacts (mining)
Human safety in shaft mines
Releases most carbon dioxide out of all fossil fuels
Contains pollutants like sulphur and nitrogen
Releases harmful particulates (asthma)
141
Energy from coal - benefits
Cheap and highly abundant
Provides 40% of the worlds electricity
142
Nuclear energy - costs
Expensive to build plants
Produces waste to be disposed of
143
Nuclear energy - benefits
No carbon emissions
95% of the fuel rod can be recycled
The waste doesn’t take up much space and can be stored underground
144
Energy from fracked oil and gas - costs
Expensive
Methane emissions
Consumes billions of gallons of water yearly
145
Energy from fracked oil and gas - benefits
Increases rate of extracting nuclear fuels can be used to extract water
146
Ways to conserve energy in the home
Passive homes use 90% less energy
Extra insulation (envelopes building so no heating system is needed)
Continuous air sealer layer which prevents pollutants entering
Heat recovery ventilation prevents needing to open windows
Double glazing
Solar panels
Draught excluders
Motion sensor lights
147
How much do typical homes spend on energy bills a year
$1,900
148
Ways to conserve energy in the workplace
Switch off computers and monitors
Switch off printers and copiers
Invest in more energy efficient servers or swap to cloud servers
Switch off kitchen appliances over night
149
How to conserve energy in transport
Use public transport/walk/bike
Switch off engines in trafic
Use smaller, energy efficient cars
Use electric cars
Car share
Reduce abroad flights
150
Combined heat and power
Uses an engine or power station to generate electricity and heat at the same time
Improved traditional process of burning fossil fuels by using waste heat to heat up water for use in housing project or large buildings
151
What efficience does CHP reach
80%
Less fuel needs to be consumed to produce the same amount of useful energy
152
Carbon capture and storage
Helps to reduce carbon dioxide emissions while still burning fossil fuels
153
Top-down development meaning
When decisions about development are made by governments or large companies
154
Bottom-up development meaning
Projects are planned and controlled by local communities to help their local periphery area
155
Renewable energy in a LIC case study
Biogas in Tanzania
Shabali school in the Usambara mountains
350 students
Need to be able to cook food and have gas for the new science lab
Previously had used wood and charcoal, but this led to deforestation and soil erosion
156
Biogas in Tanzania - solution
St Bedes school in Redhill gave money for a biogas digester
157
Biogas in Tanzania - how does a biogas digester work
1. Pupils cut grass and feed it to stall fed cattle
2. Ding goes down into an underground chamber
3. Methane is produce as well as slurry that can be used for fertiliser
4. Methane is used in labs and kitchen
158
Biogas in Tanzania - advantages
Small scale, operated by local people
Better nutrition
Less deforestation
Gas supply in science labs
159
Biogas in Tanzania - disadvantages
Not enough gas to supply kitchens every day
Will need replacing after 10-15 years of use
