Urban Flashcards
(156 cards)
1
Q
urbanisation meaning
A
the process by which an increasing percentage comes to live in towns and cities
2
Q
megacities meaning
A
an urban areas with a total population of over 10 million people
3
Q
natural increase meaning
A
the birth rate minus the death rate of a population
4
Q
HIC meaning
A
high income country
e.g UK, USA
5
Q
NEE meaning
A
newly emerging economy
e.g Brazil
6
Q
LIC meaning
A
low-income country
e.g Madagascar
7
Q
Rural-urban migration meaning
A
people moving from rural to urban areas, migrants tend to be young and leave because of push/pull factors
8
Q
Migration meaning
A
when people move from one area to another
9
Q
urban greening meaning
A
the process of increasing and preserving open spaces such as public parks and gardens in urban areas
10
Q
social deprivation meaning
A
the degree to which an individual or area is deprived of services, decent housing, adequate income, and local employment
11
Q
inequalities meaning
A
differences between poverty and wealth, as well as wellbeing and access to things like jobs, housing, and education
inequalities may occurring housing provision, access to services, access to open land, safety, and security
12
Q
dereliction meaning
A
abandoned buildings and wasteland
13
Q
brownfield site meaning
A
land that has been used/abandoned and now awaits new use
commonly found in urban areas
14
Q
Greenfield site meaning
A
a plot of land, often in rural areas, that has not been used for any building development
15
Q
urban sprawl meaning
A
unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding countryside
16
Q
what was the percent of people living in urban areas in 1950
A
30%
17
Q
what will be the percent of people living in urban areas in 2030
A
60%
18
Q
how many megacities are there
A
over 30 (mostly in Asia)
19
Q
what two factors cause growing cities
A
natural increase
rural-urban migration
20
Q
examples of push factors
A
few services/amenities
little sanitation
drought/crop failure/famine
poverty
low wages for physically demanding work
unemployment
poor transport
poor electricity
poor water supple
21
Q
examples of pull factors
A
healthcare
education
safety
less disease/famine
higher wages
higher employment
good public transport
electricity/piped water
22
Q
what is London’s current population
A
9.7 million
23
Q
when did London’s population decline and why
A
1930-1990
bomb damage
(counter urbanisation)
24
Q
what are the largest age groups living in London
A
25-29
30-34
25
what ethnicity makes up London's largest foreign-born population
Indian
26
positives of migrants to London (Social)
averagely better educated
Mo Farah was a migrant
27
positives of migrants to London (cultural)
300 different languages spoken
adds to diverse culture
28
positives of migrants to London (economic)
since 2000, migrants have contributed £20 billion to the economy
migrants have contributed 64% more in tax than received in benefits
they have brought skills worth £6.8 billion
29
negatives of migrants to London (social)
housing shortage
pushed up house prices
pressure on public services
less reliant on benefits by 43%
30
negatives of migrants to London (Cultural)
social and radial tension
31
negatives of migrants to London (Economic)
wages driven down
32
Shoreditch (opportunities of urban change case study) background
in Hackney, NE of London
in the 1980s the inner city area was full of derelict factories/warehouses
migrants from Bangladesh moved in
area has been gentrified and young professional workers are replacing the Bangladeshi community
33
Shoreditch (opportunities of urban change case study) economic opportunities
old industrial buildings have been converted into offices
web-design/filmmaking/art industries have moved into the area
"silicon roundabout" - hub for hi tech industries
higher property prices
34
Shoreditch (opportunities of urban change case study) social opportunities
new pubs, bars, restaurants, art galleries have opened
35
London docklands (opportunities of urban change case study) background
in Canary Wharf, downstream from London
containerisation led to the docks closing in the 1970s as they were not big enough for new ships
36
London docklands (opportunities of urban change case study) economic opportunities
1981 the government set up the London Docklands Development Corporation to attract private investments to regenerate the docks
office blocks built for international banks
over 10,000 jobs were created
37
Crossrail (case study)
east-west rail route (Elizabethan line)
opened 2022
reduced journey times
more interchanges with the London underground
increased property value
increased disabled access
north-south route, paused in 2020 due to funding issues
38
economic inequalities in London
more people in east London (by percent) receive state benefits (Newham)
both Kensington and Chelsea have a low percent of people receiving state benefits
39
social inequalities in London
West London has a higher life expectancy than east London
female life expectancy in Kensington and Chelsea is 87.8, while in Newham its 79.8
40
urban greening - green roofs
a roof that has been designed to include plants
there are over 700 in central London which covers an area of 25 football pitches
solar panels can also be used on roofs
41
urban greening - vertical greening
plants planted vertically along buildings
42
Urban greening - edge ware road vertical garden
14,000 plants
15 different species
180m(2)
Good air filter
43
Urban greening - hydroponic farming
Underground farming using LED lights
Reduces food miles
44
Urban greening - garden bridges
Meant to be a pedestrian bridge across the Thames but was never completed
45
Urban greening - parks in London
Hyde
St James
Regents
Nearly half of London is green space
46
Urban greening - benefits
Oxygen production
Reduces flood risk
Provides habitats
Recreation opportunities
Opportunities to grow food
Increases biodiversity
47
How much does Londons population grow by yearly
100,000
48
How many houses are built in London yearly
20,000
49
When was the London green belt established to prevent urban sprawl
1947
50
Rural-urban fringe meaning
A zone of transition between the built up area and the countryside, where there is often competition for land use
51
When was Londons lowest ever air quality recorded
Jan 2017
10
52
What is Londons low air quality caused by
Traffic fumes
Wood burners
Windless conditions
53
Waste recycling meaning
The process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste
54
Advantages of building on brownfield sites
Improves urban environment
High availability due to decline in industry
Reduces urban sprawl
Better public transportation
55
Advantages of building on greenfield sites
Cheaper land
No demolition/decontamination needed
56
Disadvantages of building on brownfield sites
Demolishment needed
Expensive land
Decontamination
57
Disadvantages of building on greenfield sites
Worse public transport
Increases urban sprawl
Lost farmland
Cannot restore countryside
Natural habitats destroyed
58
How much waste does Newham recycle ♻️ and why
14.7%
Ineffective communication
Large amount of flats
59
How is most of Londons waste felt with
Incinerated 🔥
60
Where is fly tipping at its highest in London
Haringey
61
Urban regeneration meaning
The revival of old parts of the built up area by either installing modern facilities in old buildings (renewal) or redeveloping (demolishment)
62
Where is lower Lea valley (case study for urban regeneration)
Central east of London along the Thames
63
Why did lower Lea valley (case study for urban regeneration) need regenerating
One of the most deprived communities in the country
Poor health in area
Lack of sufficient infrastructure
Run down and abandoned buildings
Frequent floods
Bad chemical contamination of land and waterways
64
Obstacles in regeneration of lower Lea valley (case study for urban regeneration)
Contamination
Lack of public transport
Waterways all over site
Prone to floods
Industrial estates still active
Electricity pylons had to be removed
Multiple people owned land
65
London 2012 Olympic bid for lower Lea valley (case study for urban regeneration)
Happened across 6 boroughs: Barking and Dagenham, Hackney, Newham, Tower Hamlets, and Waltham Forest
Cost £8.77 billion
Original budget was £2.4 billion
Earned £5.2 billion in revenue
66
Environmental changes to lower Lea valley (case study for urban regeneration)
More sustainable
Walking and cycling routes
Public transport
Water-efficient homes
Protected green space and natural habitats
Flood protected river
67
Economic changes to lower Lea valley (case study for urban regeneration)
Well connected area with better travel routes/working environment
100,000 new jobs by 2023
Increase in construction and tourism jobs
68
Social changes to lower Lea valley (case study for urban regeneration)
By 2036 there will be 33,000 new homes built in 5 new neighbourhoods
1/3 of these houses will be affordable for working families
Green space can be used for leisure activities
An academy was built that educates people 3-18
69
Water conservation (sustainable urban living) meaning
Preservation, control and development of water resources (surface, groundwater), prevention of pollution
70
Water conservation in the home (sustainable urban living)
Re route sink water to flush toilets and water gardens
Aerators on taps and showers
“Dual flush” toilets
Install water meters
71
Water conservation in the wider urban area (sustainable urban living)
Harvest rainwater in commercial areas for toilets, car washes and industrial purposes
Install green roofs to reduces run off and pollution
Use permeable surfaces rather than paving
Create tree pots along roads to absorb road run off
72
Energy conservation meaning (sustainable urban living)
Reducing energy consumption through using less and using efficient energy sources
73
Energy conservation in the home (sustainable urban living)
Insulate home
Renewable energy (solar panels)
Low temperature washes
Turn off electrical appliances when not in use
74
Energy conservation in the wider urban area (sustainable urban living)
Walk or cycle
Use public transport
Electrical vehicles
Prove more charging points for electrical vehicles
75
Waste recycling meaning (sustainable urban living)
The process of extracting and reusing useful substances found in waste
76
How is food recycled (sustainable urban living)
Transformed into organic fertiliser by anaerobic digestion facilities
Gas given off by this process can be used for energy
77
How is paper recycled (sustainable urban living)
Washed to remove ink, grinder into pulp and mixed with water so new paper products can be made
78
How is glass recycled (sustainable urban living)
Melted down to become new glass
79
How are plastics recycled (sustainable urban living)
There are 50 different types
Made into plastic pellets to make new plastic items
80
Creating green spaces (sustainable urban living)
The mayor of London wants more than half of London to be green by 2050 and for the cities tree canopy to increase by 10%
81
Types of green spaces (sustainable urban living)
Parks - Queen Elizabeth park is 560 acres
Green belt - 15 in UK
Green roofs - over 700 green roofs in central London (over 175,000 m(2))
82
Transport problems (sustainable urban living)
Traffic congestion
Increased air pollution affecting health
Reduces economic efficiency (wastes time and money)
83
Public transport strategies (sustainable urban living)
Congestion charge for vehicles to encourage use of public transport
Investing in bus and train lanes
84
Bike schemes (sustainable urban living)
Bristol is the UK cycling city, they have bike festivals and cycle lanes
85
Car stratégies (sustainable urban living)
Car sharing schemes
86
What are the aims of renewable urban living
Renewable resources
Energy efficiency
Public transport
Accessible resources and services
87
Sustainable urban city meaning
Minimal environmental damage
Sound economic base
Fairly allocated resources
Secure jobs
Local people involved in decisions
88
Social goals of renewable urban living
Should improve people lives
89
Environmental goals of renewable urban living
Should improve the look and environment of an area
90
Economic goals of renewable urban living
Should improve local economy and generate more jobs
91
What type of country is Brazil
NEE
92
Until when was Rio the capital of Brazil
1960
93
Why is Rio the cultural capital of Brazil
50 museums
Famous carnival
2016 Olympics
94
Factory types in Rio
Chemical
Medical
Clothing
Furniture
95
Business types in Rio
Banking
Insurance
Finance
96
How many shipping ports does Rio have
5
97
How many airports die Rio have
3
98
Rio has the … largest revenue in Brazil
Second
99
Rios regional importance
Major port exporting: coffee, sugar, iron
Unemployment is on decline
98% of its urban population have access to water supply system (nationally its 83%)
75% of their sewage is treated (nationally it’s 39%)
99% of homes have waste disposal (nationally it’s 87%)
Tuuca National park
Main manufacturing is for: chemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, furniture, processed foods
Largest producer of oil in Brazil
5 industrial districts
100
Rios National importance
Brazil’s second most important industrial city
Produces 5% of Brazil’s GDP
25% of Brazils foreign investment occurs in Rio
56% of Brazils GDP is concentrated in a 500km radius around the city
Contains 2 major airports, in 2011 Rio’s population passed through both these airports 4 times
101
Rios global importance
Statue of Christ the redeemer is one of the 7 wonders of the world
Racially mixed population
Hosted matches in the 2014 World Cup
Hosted 2016 olympics
Importance in global economy
Over 1.4 million Japanese living in Brazil make it the second largest Japanese population outside of Japan
One of the most visited cities in the Southern Hemisphere
102
Rios crime rate
One of the highest in the world
103
How many people live in Rios shanty towns (Favellas)
Over 1 million
104
When and why did Rios population grow rapidly
20th century
Rural-urban migration
105
When and what was the capital city changed to
1960
Brasilia
Only has a population of 1 million as it has a dull reputation
106
Population of Rio
6 million
107
Causes of population growth in Rio - healthcare
Better than in rural areas
People live longer
108
Causes of population growth in Rio - education
Better than rural areas
Better skills and jobs
109
Causes of population growth in Rio - water supply
Better than rural areas
Less people develop water borne diseases
110
Causes of population growth in Rio - energy
Better than rural areas
Technology can be used to make lives easier
111
Causes of population growth in Rio - job availability
Better then rural areas
People can find higher paying jobs
112
Causes of population growth in Rio - job skill
Better than rural areas
More money can be earned
Better quality of life
113
When was Rio founded and originally used for
1565 by the Portuguese
Gold and sugar were exported
114
What was the population of Rio in 1750
24,000 people
115
When was Rio independent
1800s
116
Infrastructure development of Rio
Developed trams
Sewage system
Telegraph link with London
117
Population of Rio in the 20th century
1 million people
118
Since 2015 how much has Rio grown per year
By 0.5%
119
Rios CBD
8km across
Dominated by offices and shops
120
Why and what had the fertility rate fallen
Over 50 years the rate fell from 6 babies per female to 2
Due to contraceptive awareness, jobs, media influence
121
What does Rio still export
Coffee and sugar
122
What two recent factors have increased jobs in Rio
Olympics
Discovery of oil fields off the coast
123
How many people live in the favela Rochina
100,000
124
Problems in favelas
Lack of water
Lack of drainage
Cholera
Unemployment
Crime
Drugs
125
Self help in favelas
By residents
Replacing wooden houses with brick housing
Petitioning council for electricity, running water, rubbish collections, school building
126
Social opportunities in Rio - healthcare
20% of the wealthiest citizens can afford private healthcare
Public healthcare has lower standards and higher waiting times
In rural areas the number of people per doctor is double that of Rio
127
Social opportunities in Rio - education
Free and compulsory until 14
In rural areas few opportunities beyond 14
Rio has more, plus the university of Brazil
128
Social opportunities in Rio - water supply
92% of homes have piped water
79% have access to good sanitation
In rural areas water is taken from polluted wells and rivers
129
Social opportunities in Rio - energy
71% rural population have electricity
In the city most houses do, but a lot is illegally tapped
130
Economic opportunities in Rio - employment
Financial institution work to rag pickers
65% of jobs in Rio are in the service sector, many are low skilled appealing to migrants
131
Economic opportunities in Rio - informal economy
No minimum wage, taxes, holiday rights, safe conditions
Rag picking, recycling old electronics, pottery, selling items in the street
Labour intensive jobs
Improves uneducated peoples chances to increase their quality of life
132
Oil industry in Rio
Discovered in 2006
Caused multiplayer affect
Attracted foreign countries (shell)
Provides jobs in primary, secondary, tertiary sectors
133
Positive multiplayer effect
New industry
Jobs provided
Local business improves for shops
More money into area
Services improve
House prices rise
More people move into area
New industry
134
Complexo do Alemão (favela) cable car
3.5km long
2011
Free to local residents to save journey time
Stations provide public services
Raise favela property values
Creates jobs in construction, maintenance
135
Overcrowding: new town in Rio
Barra
Built on flat land just outside Rio
Overspill that reduces pressure and congestion
136
Crime in Rio: Urban Pacification Program
Aims to remove drug gangs and improve Favela safety
New police division BOPE
Armed and some people protest these automatic weapons
Allows children to get an education rather than joining gangs
137
How many favelas are there
600
138
How much has Rio spent on the favela Bairro project
Over £200 million
139
Improving the favelas - shell housing
Council builds basic shell houses
Concrete houses with water, drainage and electricity
Inhabitants then develop house for comfort
Not enough for everyone
They also invest in countryside so fewer people more to cities
140
Improving the favelas - self help
People get together to improve homes
Replace wood with brick
“Steal” electricity connection
Over time the council recognises these as ligit image settlements and will prove water and electricity and schools and teachers
141
Improving the favelas - favela Bairro project details
1994-2008
Aimed to improve 60/600 of favelas
Providing services
142
Favela Bairro project - removing housing on slopes
Environmental improvement
Reduced risk of landslide damage
People are relocated to housing with more secure infrastructure
143
Favela Bairro project - education
Social and economic improvement
Night classes and training schemes for adults
Free education program run by volunteers for children
New facilities built
144
Favela Bairro project - improving infrastructure
Social and economic improvement
Roads widened and paved over
Improves access to favelas for garbage and disposal trucks
145
Favela Bairro project - cable cars
Social improvement
2011 Rocinha cable car
Reduces local travel distance
146
Favela Bairro project - self help schemes
Economic improvement
Government supplies locals with equipment and materials to improve housing and roads
147
Favela Bairro project - site and service scheme
Social improvement
Projects to relocate occupants to better housing
148
Favela Bairro project - police pacifying unit
Social improvement
300 officers patrol favelas to reduce crime
Aims to bond with community
149
Favela Bairro project - health and leisure centres
Social improvement
Health centres introduces to assist community and prevent drug taking
Day care centres provide supervision do parents can work
150
Environmental challenges in Rio - air pollution
Causes 5000 deaths per year
Rio is often covered in brown smog caused by the build up of exhaust fumes from traffic congestion and factory chimneys
Fumes mix with the mist from the Atlantic
151
Environmental challenges in Rio - water pollution
Guanabara bay is polluted
Threatens wildlife and decline in commercial fishing
Ipanema and Copacabana beaches are also threatened
Pollution comes from open sewers in favelas, raw sewage, industrial waste, oil spills
152
Environmental challenges in Rio - waste management
Poor accèss in favelas for waste collection lorries
Most waste gets dumped and polluted water
153
Environmental challenges in Rio - climate change
Led to flooding causing landslides
Favelas on steep hillsides are threatened
154
Environmental solutions in Rio - air pollution
Expand Rio’s metro system
Introduce toll roads
One way traffic during rush hours
155
Environmental solutions in Rio - water pollution
Build new sewage works
Fine polluting ships
156
Environmental solutions in Rio - waste management
Use rotting waste in power plants for methane production
